Person-Centred Approaches to Counselling Unit Essay

The essay will evaluate the necessity and importance of the development of the core conditions in the counselling process and critically analyse the strengths and weaknesses of the person-centred approach on the counselling process. The Person-Centred Approach focuses on the clients own best authority as it is based on the client’s personal experience in his or her own life here and now. It shows the client as someone who has the ability of fulfilling his or her own potential for changes (Mearns & Thorne, 2007) I believe that Carl Rogers Person-Centred counselling is reliable. It developed the method of enhancing the relationship formed between a counsellor or therapist and client. Rogers proposes that the development of trust and understanding within this relationship encourages self-realization, and enables the client to acknowledge the problems and issues they are facing. This approach of encouragement and guidance, helps the client to feel comfortable about disclosing personal and private information to the counsellor, which in turn helps the client on their journey for there solutions (Mearns & Thorne 2007). Rogers identified certain core conditions which he believed to be necessary if clients are to make progress in counselling (Rogers, 1951). It defines the counsellor qualities and attitudes which if present, will easily change the growth within the client. The most important of these attitudes is the counsellor’s ability to understand the client’s feelings and showing respect for the client and being congruent or genuine. The Rogerian main core conditions are Empathy, Unconditional Positive Regard and Congruence or genuineness, but he also listed six conditions in additions to these three. 1. Two persons are in Psychological contact.  2. The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious. 3. The second person, whom we shall term the therapist is congruence or integrated in the relationship. 4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client. 5. The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. 6. The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved (The Carl Rogers Reader, 1990). â€Å"No other conditions are necessary. If the six conditions exist and continue over a period of time, this is sufficient. The process of constructive personality change will follow†. (The Carl Rogers Reader 1990 page 221) Unconditional positive regard: According to the fourth condition, the client feels that the counsellor values him consistently throughout their relationship, despite the fact that he may not value himself and even if the counsellor does not like or approve of all the client’s behavior. (An example may be! A client tells the counsellor that he is thinking of leaving his wife and kids because he has just discovered he is gay). The counsellor may not like or agree with the client’s decision morally because of his/her own beliefs, whether religious or traditional. In such cases the counsellor has to show empathy, respect the client for who they are at that moment. It is in their power to take the matter to supervision later if they wish. Carl Rogers believed that unconditional positive regard is essential for a healthy relationship to develop between a client and the counselor (The Carl Rogers Reader, 1990). Therefore it is conclusive that people need love, acceptance, respect and warmth from others, but unfortunately these attitudes and feelings are often only given conditionally. As a person develops he/she needs love and acceptance from important people in their environment such as parents and peers. The individuals often deals with the condition accepting by others gradually to incorporate their conditions into their own views about themselves like the â€Å"I am†. Example like I am the sort of person who must never be late†, or â€Å"I am the sort of person who always respects others†, or â€Å"I am the sort of person who always keeps the house clean†. Due to a fundamental need for positive regard from others, it is easier to ‘be’ this sort of person so as to receive such positive feedback. Over time, the individual looses the sense of their own identity and their own evaluations of experience, and the individual may partly or even entirely change due to the pressures felt from other people or the environment around them. At the same time, we have a need for positive self-regard – to develop a sense of trust in the accuracy and reliability of our own inner experienced, it is on this we must depend if we are to become independent from and able to make good decisions about life and how we are to be in it. We learn to view ourselves as others view us, ignoring our inner experience whatever we feel it is in conflict with the values of those significant others on whom we depend. Roger’s term for this was locus of evaluation. By this, he meant the tendency of some people to rely on the evaluations of others for their feelings of acceptance and self esteem (Mearns & Thorne, 2007). Unconditional positive regard defined as being non-judgmental, accepting, and respectful toward the client (Mearns & Thorne, 2007). The background and moral differences of a client should not prevent the counsellor attaining the Rogerian conditions. The counsellor has to accept the positive and negativity of ones clients no matter their sexuality, culture or traditions and religious beliefs. The counsellor also has to show warmth towards his client. According to the fourth condition therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client. The warmth comes from the counsellor toward the client, helps to develops the trust between the counsellor and client relationship, but the counsellor has professional in showing warmth, because too little or too much will slow the development of trust in the process of the counselling sessions for some particular clients. The fifth condition can also be a part of empathy. â€Å"Empathy is a continuing process whereby the counsellor lays aside her own way of experiencing and perceiving reality, preferring to sense and respond to the experiencing and perceptions of her client. This sensing may be intense and enduring with the counsellor actually experiencing her client’s thoughts and feelings as powerfully as if they had originated in herself† (Mearns & Thorne 2007 p.67). Although there is only one physical world each individual experiences it differently. This is because we all have our own opinion and differences, and applying empathy will allow the counsellor to adapt to the client’s frame of mind. To illustrate, the counsellor should sense the client’s anger, fear, confusion or private world, as if these very things were the counsellor’s own feelings, It is of high importance that the client’s feelings or experiences do not emotionally distract the counsellor because it could pose a threat to the relationship between the counsellor and her client. Although the client may be desperate and lost in his/her world, the counsellor must remain as someone who is coherent and reliable, as well as sensitive. During the counsel sessions the therapist has to understand the feeling of the patient’s not doubt what the client means. The remarks must fit in with the therapist’s tone of voice which conveys with the client mood and content. Unless some communication of these empathic conditions has been achieved, then such attitudes do not exist in the relationship as far as the client is concerned. Therefore empathy is not just a technique of responding to the client, but it is a way of being in relation to one’s client. Empathy always makes the counsellor feels like being on the same train or bus as the client! It is the client journey (not the counsellor) which the counsellor is joining and staying with no matter how mountainous the journey is, without been carried away but still maintain the core conditions throughout t he counselling process. According to the third condition the therapist should be within the confines of this relationship, a genuine, real, or congruence person, unlike the psychodynamic therapist who generally maintains a ‘blank screen’ and reveals little of their own personality in therapy (Angles on Applied Psychology, 2003 page 47). Carl Rogers believes that it is the realness of the therapist in the relationship which is the most important element. It is when the therapist is natural and spontaneous that he seems to be most effective. (Rogers, 1973: 186). Congruence is the most important attribute in counselling, according to Rogers (Mearns & Thorne 2007). It means that within the relationship the counsellor is freely and deeply himself, with his own experiences representing his awareness of himself. The therapist has to support the client to encourage change and be positive. The therapist has to be open and professional during the counselling process. The aim is not for the therapist to express or talk out his own feelings but to be aware of his or her own boundaries so that he might not be bias to the client. It is important to be honest and at times may need to reflect on his/her feelings to the client, colleague or in supervision if it is standing in the way of the following conditions. Counsellors are sometimes faced with an exciting but frightening challenges, for some counsellor it is not difficult to be congruent whiles for others. They might find it very difficult or frightening but it could also confront us with the frightening possibility that we may not have the courage to meet that challenge, as Rogers wrote: different therapist achieve good results in quite different way ( Rogers, 1973) (example: the man who told the counsellor that he is thinking of leaving his wife because he is gay), it could be a frightening experience for the counsellor because of the counsellor’s background, but at the same time the counsellor have to be congruence and let the client know how they are feeling at the moment but the counsellor have to show the client unconditional positive regard and accept the client for who they really are. The therapist has to be transparent, by making himself or herself transparent to the client, the client can see right through what the therapist is in the relationship and that is how the client can develop trust for the counsellor. The famous Johari Window teaches us about the known to others but not to me and knows to me but not to others. There are aspects of our personality that we’re open about, and other elements that we keep to ourselves. There are things that others see in us that we’re not aware of, like the hidden area. This contains things others observe about us that we don’t know about ourselves. Again, they could be positive or negative behaviors that will affect the way others act towards us like our client. Congruence is about not having secrets, it’s about being true to oneself, and it’s also about establishing equal rights for all relationships so that the counsellor and the client can have an open but honest relationship throughout the process. Rogers’ most individual theoretical concept is that of actualization in which he is optimistic about Human Nature. Drawn from other theorists of his time, including Maslow (1962,1970), Rogers identifies that human motivation functions to assist us to reach our individual potential (Rogers 1977). In so doing we strive to achieve internal harmony between what we feel and what we experiences. By a process of our own internal experience we as individual develop by changes and adapting through the means of self regulation. This includes congruent awareness and expression of feelings evoked by experiences: we recognize, then express, what we feel about an experience. The actualization process is a motivational system from which our individual evolution and development occurs. Competing against this, however, is the conscious self. (Rogers 1959; Maslow 1962). It might help to understand Rogers better if we contrast his theories with those of freud because the two are so different. This contrast will show how Rogers can be thought of as optimistic about human nature, while freud took a far more pessimistic view. Freud thought that people were born with both life instincts and death instinct. In Freud’s system, two basic drives are associated with, or are part of the life and death instincts, the sexual drive and the aggressive drive. Freud thought that the aggressive drive was not usually directed towards the person himself or herself, but as it has energy and cannot be suppressed entirely, it is normally displaced onto objects or people in the environment. Freud was quite clear that, in his view, a tendency towards aggressive or destructive behavior is a natural condition of humankind. To Rogers, there is only one motivational force behind human behavior actualizing tendency. In contrast to Freud, Rogers thought that this basic motivation is constructive, creative and positive (Tonny Merry, 2003 p 17). But Both Freud and Rogers thought that childhood events are significant in shaping our adult personalities, but whereas Freud was not optimistic about the possibilities for change and development later on in life, Rogers certainly was. For example early childhood experiences are considered very important. The single most important factor is the degree to which we experienced love and acceptance from significant others, usually our parents. Rogers thought that children need to feel unconditionally loved and valued by people who are significant and important to them. The trouble is that love can be either conditional or unconditional. If love is offered unconditionally with no strings attached, then children are able to be naturally expressive and accepting of all their feelings. Conditional love refers to love that is given only if the child behaves in approved ways, and if the child behaves in the ways that are unacceptable, then he or she risks love being withdrawn. The result is that the child begins to think of himself or herself in terms of the evaluations of others, Rogers’ phrase for this was conditions of worth, and it refers to the ways in which our self concepts are fashioned by the judgments of those around us (Tony Merry, 2003 p 23).

A Complicated Kindness

â€Å"Fire and Rain† by James Taylor is a song mentioned in A Complicated Kindness that Nomi can relate to easily. James Taylor was born March, 12th 1948 in Boston, Massachusetts, although he was mainly raised in North Carolina. By age 14, Taylor was writing songs, singing, and had learned to play the guitar and cello. In 1966, he moved to New York City to form a band with some of his friends and by the end of the year they were performing regularly at cafes. Unfortunately, while in New York, Taylor lost himself in drug abuse for a time, but would later lead to the inspiration of some of his songs, including â€Å"Fire and Rain†. After he was back on track with his life, he recorded a few demos and had them sent to Paul McCartney, whose label signed Taylor immediately. A few weeks later, he fell back into his old habits of drug abuse, and was hospitalized in Massachusetts. After his recovery, in 1970, Taylor released his single â€Å"Fire and Rain† which was inspired by his experiences with drug abuse, depression, the suicide of his friend Suzanne, and the institutional psychiatric treatments he received. â€Å"James Taylor Biography†). While Travis is playing this song for Nomi, she is thinking about herself and her family. Nomi can relate this song to her life, because just like Taylor, she has lost loved ones, her mother, (who likely committed suicide like Taylor’s friend mentioned in the song) and her sister, abuses drugs, and has no faith in life. The song connects to both the themes of endings and loss which are present in the novel. The line, â€Å"I’ve seen sunny days that I thought would never end,† connects to the theme of endings, which Nomi has problems with due to the incomplete ending of her own life. The part about sunny days probably made Nomi recall all the good days and memories she has of when her family was whole. She even begins to cry in the novel, during this line. Nomi can relate, â€Å"But I always thought that I’d see you again,† to how she always thought that Tash and Trudie might come back to see her, which also ties into the theme of loss, because Nomi lost two of the most important people in her life. Another line that Nomi can connect to is, â€Å"You’ve just got to see me through another day,† which simply reflects on Nomi’s discontent with her life and the struggle she has just to get through each day. There are many poetic techniques incorporated into the song as well. Obviously, there is a lot of repetition due to the repeating chorus and the line â€Å"I’ve seen fire and I’ve seen rain. † This line is also a metaphor for the different emotions Taylor, and Nomi, have felt. Fire could be seen as anger, passion, or possibly rage while rain is probably referring to sadness and despair. There is also a lot of rhyming in the song such as â€Å"I’ve seen sunny days that I thought would never end/ I’ve seen lonely times when I could not find a friend,† and â€Å"You’ve just got to see me through another day/ And I won’t make it any other way,† as well as others, which makes the song flow more smoothly. The sound device of assonance is used in the line, â€Å"Sweet dreams and flying machines,† because sweet, dreams, and machines, (although machines is not neighbouring) all have similar vowel sounds. Works Cited â€Å"James Taylor Biography.† Bandbiographies.com. Retrieved 16 January 2013. http://www.bandbiographies.com/james_taylor/biography.htm

Korean Histiory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Korean Histiory - Essay Example This attack followed an earlier attack, assumed to have been instigated by North Korea, which resulted in the sinking of a South Korean naval ship and caused the death of over 40 crew members. However, as the sirens rang, children’s laughter could be heard in the streets which created a surreal sensation of contradiction in this divided nation. It left many bystanders, both Korean and foreign, questioning the validity of the drill; throughout 2010, people in South Korea have been debating over the possibility of an outbreak of war but, even in these debates, citizens are divided over important issues that are central to the historical and current situation faced by North and South Korea.1 Park Chan-wook’s 2000 movie, Joint Security Area, masterfully captures the endless contradictions imbedded within this ideological crisis, and the audience watches as these contradictions simultaneously destroy the characters while providing a glimpse into the possibility of a reunific ation between the North and the South. Korea has been characterized as a land of contradictions. This is poignantly depicted in JSA, in which nothing is as it seems; although North Korea has consistently been portrayed as monstrous in its military ambitions and nationalistic intentions, the movie depicts a very different interpretation of North Koreans. The portrayal of the JSA is pivotal to this alternative depiction of the North because it serves as a site where a crack in the ideological divide can be initiated. At first, the two opposing sides of the JSA are defined in stark contrast to the other, with the North Korean side being highly monitored and regimented, and the South Korean side being used as a site of voyeuristic tourism – the visual manifestation of communism versus democracy. However, as night falls, the ideological gap between North and South, which seems

How do you imagine social interaction within 10 years, taking into Essay

How do you imagine social interaction within 10 years, taking into consideration the impact of technology on human relations - Essay Example This paper tends to shed light on how I imagine social interaction within 10 years to come. It is important to understand first what social interaction actually is. Social interaction means the connection between people that lends them a sense of belonging to each other (Doise & Palmonari 2011; Nash & Calonica 2010). It is the bond that makes people share their ideas, views, feelings, emotions, and sentiments with each other; and, this process becomes the basis of a strong society where people love and respect each other, and take care of each other in the hour of need. Physical presence of a person is part and parcel of healthy social interaction in which persons relate to each other by being physically present to address their needs and feelings. In the recent years, the concept of social interaction has totally changed. Today, we are connected to hundreds of friends in the online community, but we are oblivious of the person sitting next to us, who may be our parent, our spouse, o ur child, our neighbor, or a relative. We share pictures and ideas with hundreds of people online, but we give a damn about what the person feels or think who is sitting in the same room as ours. This discussion of change in social interaction as seen today forms the basis of how I imagine social interaction in 10 years to come. ... People will convey their feelings in the digital format- feelings that they could never have conveyed in person; however, this conveyance of feelings will lack the emotional touch of understanding and compassion. The basic essence of social interaction is talking, which is becoming void even today but will disappear totally in 10 years to come. Just like libraries, physical communication will vanish. Elderly will yearn to see their children offline; while, the latter will have no time to even turn on the Skype. In 10 years, people will start relying on technology to improve their ways of communication. People have already started realizing the fact that technology has snatched away their power of being physically present; and, the proof is the introduction of audio messaging, and video chats such as Skype and Facebook video chat. In coming years, the need of face interaction will be felt even more, which will make experts devise more sophisticated ways of improved communication. 4D e xperiences may be one example of improved means of communication, which cannot be imagined today. However, despite a loss in the sense of belonging to each other, social interaction has also seen much advancement too. It would be unfair to deny the pros of technological advancements that have come with internet, online services, and online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter. People stay connected to their social circle 24/7. I guess that in 10 years to come, there will be so many highly sophisticated tools and applications that will aid communication in an amazing way. Who knows the need for being physically present may vanish totally in 10 years? Did we know that we could have a

BHS412 - Module 5 Case - Disaster Relief - Ethical Issues Related to Essay

BHS412 - Module 5 Case - Disaster Relief - Ethical Issues Related to Relief Operations - Essay Example This is due to the fact that there is confusion whether NGOs really do act independently from governments, which is not the case, for NGOs need assistance from government (National Response Framework, 2008). It is well-noted how the US government refused help in several instances (Shah, 2005), thus the NGO’s failure to fully act their Code of Conduct may be blamed to the government’s mismanagement in handling the aftermaths of the hurricane. Do you believe that gender issues, especially the needs of women are adequately addressed in disaster relief plans? Identify a specific gender issues that you believe should always be considered in the aftermath of a disaster In most disaster relief plans, gender issues are adequately addressed in disaster relief plans. An example of which is the Pan American Health Organization’s consideration of women as vulnerable population in natural disasters stated in its Fact Sheet. The most important gender issue that should always b e put into consideration in natural disaster aftermaths is the role of women in disaster response.

Apple and Google Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple and Google - Article Example It will offer greater value to its services. The main objective of the company is to retain the customers within its ecology as its iPhone. The new Apple maps service will offer the customers with 3D images of cities and towns, known as ‘Flyovers’. It will also offer the customers with traffic updates as well as turn-by-turn navigation. The article also states that the best marketing concept that Apple uses is offering the customers with an experience which is different from that of others. It has been evident that the intended amalgamation of the feature of mobile maps app with iPhone can render Apple substantial profitability as according to a research conducted it is observed that people who use iPhone spent 35% greater amount of time on using maps than other phone users. Therefore, this marketing concept can provide Apple a major scope of market growth prospect. Apple can also get hold of the useful consumer data which was earlier received by Google. Apple can also e arn greater revenue from opportunities such as sponsored links. These factors can affect on long-term profitability of Apple by a considerable extent. The article demonstrates the fact that in this instance of launching maps application the company is product focused rather than customer focused which is closely associated to the concept of marketing myopia. Apple has also solely intended to render consumers’ such an application which can be quite value adding, thus though the concept relates to marketing myopia however not entirely. Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Apple mobile maps will be provided as an application with iPhone itself. The purchasers of iPhone are generally high income group people who have the capability to purchase the product. The product can be used by the youth and the middle aged to old aged people. It can be used by both the male as well as the female. The high-end consumers of iPhone generally also desire use their phones to operate navigatio n facilities for their business or social networking purposes. This can enable the mobile apps to generate user activity with regard to the provided service. The product can be targeted generally to the businessmen who want to make their businesses available or traceable to the local as well as international customers. Through Apple mobile maps, customers will be easily capable of determining the exact locations of the stores that they will be looking for. The app is likely to target the app stores. The company, Apple can position its product as adding a new feature to its iPhone in order to attract a significant portion of the customers. This would help Apple to uphold competitive advantage and assist in maintaining sustainability. One of the unique features which will be inculcated in the Apple mobile maps is ‘Siri’, which is a voice-activated search tool. The company can as well position its product of mobile maps in terms of value addition with the popular product i .e. iPhone. As the application would be in-built within the iPhone, the positioning of it would not be a major concern for Apple. However, Apple needs to ensure superior quality of the maps service to draw the consumers in the long run to use the facility. Apple will entrust on outside parties for maps related information at first, the way its

What can we get on the web on our mobiles Is it worth having Essay

What can we get on the web on our mobiles Is it worth having - Essay Example This paper will look closely at mobile phones and internet as two aspects of modern technology. It will look into how these two technologies have changed the way we interact with one another in life. The growth in technology has revolutionized not only the way we live but in also the way we communicate. Mobile phones and internet have been one of the leading devices that have revolutionized communication technology. Communication technology has been the backbone of the current revolution in the way we live. Information and communication technology have contributed in a great way to the wave of globalization that has changed the way we interact in the world. The concept of globalization has reduced the world to a global village. In its simple definition, globalization can be simply said as reduction of distance between different parts of the world. This means that one can easily get in touch with someone in another continent same as once can get in touch with someone in the neighborho od. This has been a great achievement in life since it has affected the way people interact.As we have seen, information and communication technology have been in the forefront in enabling globalization to take root in the world. Both have enabled people to interact and communicate with one another in a much simpler way than ever before. There have been some aspects of information and communication technology that have been the most influential. ... Both are recent technology in life and they are very influential in the way we talk and communicate with one another. Apart from their initial intention of providing communication and information to people, development in technology have enabled them to be used for many other purposes in normal life and in business world. Mobile phone and internet industry in one of the rapidly growing technologies in modern life. The industry has been driven by increased use of the two technologies in life. The industry has grown in all part of the world unlike other industries which records growth only in some geographical regions where they are relevant. This means that there has been increased use of the technology in all parts of the world. Let us look at what we can get from each of the technology and evaluate how relevant is what we get from each. This will help us to dig deep in each technology and understand how it functions and how important it is to the concept of information and communication technology. Mobile phones Mobile phone can be defined as a small and portable communication device the is used by people to make phone calls in any place they are. Mobile phones receive and gives out signals with are provided through a service provider's transmitting satellites. Mobile phones have enabled people to communicate in any location they are in without limitation of time and regions. The basic concept of mobile phones is transmitting of signals. It uses radio wave theories similarly as they are used by ordinary radios. However, mobile phones uses stronger frequencies and are higher compared to those of the common radios. Mobile phone technology started in the mid twenties and the first mobile phone service was used in Sweden used

Report on the feasibility of the overseas expansion of acomb tyres in Essay

Report on the feasibility of the overseas expansion of acomb tyres in india - Essay Example The best beneficiaries in this case would rightly be India & China, with Russia just beginning to emerge to becoming a challenger to them in this are. The world has seen similar advances in other domains of trade & commerce as well. Companies today feel pride in declaring themselves as multinational corporations rather than be known more as local or regional players. The tyre industry is one such area, which has seen similar changes. Today major tyre industries like Bridgestone & Dunlop are popular & financially very strong owing to the fact that they are MNCs (Multi National Corporations). But, Yadong Luo (1997) is of the positive view that this must not deter other SMEs (Small & Medium Enterprises) from aspiring to go global as has been cited by Zoltan J Acks (2001). This report is written as an advisory statement to the Acomb Tyres of the UK (which is an SME) as to what are the pros & cons of setting up shop in other countries. In this report, the country under discussion is India. The reasons for selecting this country as the most favorable destination is discussed in the following sections of the report. As the Acomb tyre Industries' major area of production is in the area of agricultural tractor tyres, the report concentrates on analyzing a suitable market for the same type of products. The present section concentrates on what are the reasons for global expansion as also what are the best strategies to initiate such expansions. Examples in support of the argument are discussed in the section that deals with the expansion of Acomb in India. REASONS FOR OVERSEAS EXPANSION & STRATEGIES TO DO SO There is no doubt that Acomb Tyre Industries is established & considerably popular in its native market in the UK with an estimated annual turnover of around 22m. But the following points that are described below outline the prime reasons as to why Acomb should consider a major overseas expansion: Limited Home Market It is a known fact that Acomb industries has won several awards for its unique and innovative products and has earned a solid reputation among farmers and other users of agricultural vehicles in the Northeast England and its surrounding regions. But a point to note is that the tyre market in the UK has been found to become stagnant in terms of growth & the economy. The tyre industry is no longer seen as a major contributor towards the development of the economy as it used to be so previously. Siobhan A Austen (1999) says that a prime reason for this can be attributed to the fact that the amount of sales of tyres on an annual basis; especially in the agricultural sector has reached its optimum levels owing to the limited amount of land available in the UK. Acomb has also been feeling the effect of the limited market, which is one of the company's prime reasons for asking us to prepare this report. The analysis of the prevailing market conditions in the UK have led us to the conclusion that it is time for Acomb to start looking for greener pastures. Better Profit Margins History has shown that today's major companies have come to dominate the market,

ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ENTERPRISE SOCIAL NETWORKS (white paper) - Essay Example The dial-up technology was predominantly used in the 70s and 80s, until other more advanced technologies sprouted to replace the pioneer technology in social networking. The social media is mainly used to relate to an internet site that facilitates people to interact in sharing ideas and information. Such has to include sharing of photos, music, videos among other contents that enhance interaction between groups of people (Kimball and Rheingold 3). The first online communication inform of an email was sent in 1971, by the 1970s, technology had significantly improved to facilitate more networking and in 1979, the first newsletter that allowed users to communicate virtually was launched. In the 1980s, future developments gave rise to an increased use of home computers with social media growing by day to become more complex. This gave rise to the more robust Internet Relay charts, IRCs, which were first used in 1988 extending way into the 90s. However, the first site that resembled the current networking sites was used for the first time in 1997 under the name Six Degrees (Goble). For the first time, users were able to upload their profiles and request for friendships from other users. The first blogging site that created the frenzy that exists today was launched in 1999; the blog site gave way to the current social networking. The creation of the blog gave rise to renowned sites such as MySpace and LinkedIn, which gained much popularity in the 2000s, with Flickr and photo bucket facilitating users to share photos online. It was not until 2005 that YouTube revolutionized the social media and crated a much better and new way that facilitated social networking. By the end of 2006, Facebook and Twitter were unveiled across the globe opening a new chapter in social networking, as it exists today. In addition, some sites dedicated to particular niches such as Spotify, Tumblr and Pinterest sprouted around this time (complete history attached at the appendix). The growth of social media sites has taken the globe with a storm with the corporate world taking advantage of the huge traffic in social sites to market their services and interact with potential customers. Business has since shifted from boardrooms to new virtual rooms with advertising through ‘Word Of Mouth’, turning to advertising through ‘Word Of Mouse.’ Consequently, the use of these social networking sites has varied impacts on organizations and enterprises from different fronts. This article delves deep into the social networking sites and the ways in which they have affected organizations today. Relationship building One way in which social networks have greatly influenced business activities is in relationship building. Relationship building involves the ability of an organization to meet a wide range of internal and external customers, establishing strong bonds with such customers in encouraging them to do business with the organization. A study on the use of social networks by nonprofit organizations observed that social networking has played a critical role in simplifying interfaces and facilitating a simpler exchange method of dispersing information (Branston & Bush 2). Moreover, a study by Waters (63) noted that most organizations use social networks for

Learning Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Assignment - Essay Example Following this exercise, what I did that differed from my grocery habit is to plan my purchase. The reason why I elected this course of action to differentiate from my typical grocery habit because I noticed that there are grocery items that I picked up that are put to waste. Either I bought it on impulse because I found it nice, or did not like the product after using or consuming it. So I made a list of purchase in my next visit to the grocery. I also did an inventory for those items that are still in stocked in the house and omitted them from the list. I noticed that my succeding visit to the grocery is more cost-effective. It would be a safe estimate that my regular purchase was around less than 25% of my regular purchase. It was faster too because I already have a list of what I am going to buy. If its not on the list, I refrained from buying it. I had a savings of around 25% doing this as reflected in the receipt of my succeding purchase. My retail store of choice is the popular Wal-Mart due to the extensiveness of the both grocery and non-grocery items available. One can say that almost everything that is needed is there. Doing the exercise, I understood why I tend purchase more if I did not plan my grocery. There are promotional goods which offers discount to entice me to buy even if I did not need the product. The displays are also attractive and over-all environment of the store is nice that it felt good to shop. I also noticed during my second visit that if I ask for information about a certain product, their sales assistants are helpful and well, induces me also to purchase the item/s. Sometimes they can be pushy. I would recommend to make their sales assitants to be less pushy for me to buy their product or other substitute products because it can get annoying. I would also recommend to have a portion of aisles which are dedicated to â€Å"necessities† because they stacked together in one aisles the items of

Make a website Essay Example for Free

Make a website Essay This is an output device which prints onto paper whatever are you require to be outputted it produces them as hard copies. Printers are designed to produce hard copies at a very fast rate many printers are able to print at the rate of 30 hard copies in 30 minutes. Laser Printer This machine produces high quality text and graphics hard copies at a very rapid rate they are able to print around 12 000 hard copies in an hour. Laser printer do not use ink cartridges they use toner instead due to the size of the machine and it is designed to print many hard copies at a rapid. Advantages. Prints hard copies very rapidly.   You get very good quality. Toner last a very long time. Disadvantages   Takes up a lot of space. Very expensive to buy. p2. tech. re4. yahoo. com/ /153285 Inkjet Printer This printer which works by dots it drops the ink onto the sheet of paper to create a hardcopy. This printer works by propelling small ink droplets onto sheets of paper. Ink jet printers use one of these types of technology: thermal, piezoelectric, and continuous. They all produce different quality of prints. Advantages   Produces very good quality hard copies.   Is very easy to use. Cheap Disadvantages Is slow doesnt print very quickly   Can break very easily not a very stable machine.   Not good for big business or large amounts of prints. www. cyberindian. net/ / Scanners- the scanner will be used to scan images into the computer for the website This is a machine which copies information into the computer for you to see on the Monitor. This device converts an image into a pattern of dots for the computer to understand and be able to store, it can convert images and text. Advantages   Very useful if you want to view your images on the Monitor. Cheap and easy buy. Disadvantages   Not always very good quality, the image is not very clear.   Quite big can take of space. Can take a while to scan images or text. www. photokina-show. com/news/epson/PERFECTION Digital Cameras- the digital camera will be used for taking pictures which will be uploaded onto the website This is a device which captures an image of what you are looking at through a lens. A light-sensitive pickup pipe or chip to adapt visual indicator into electrical impulses. Advantages   You can see the picture straight away.   You can delete and edit the picture. You dont need a film you can have unlimited amounts of pictures. Disadvantages   Can be expensive to buy. Run out of battery very easily. thecamerabloggers. com/ Graphics tablet- the graphics tabley will be used to draw images for the website This is a piece of hardware which lets you draw things with a pen and appear on the monitor It is an input device which works just like pen and paper however your image is transferred onto the computer. There is a flat base which acts as your sheet of paper this is called the tablet it is connected to the computer so that the image that you draw appears on the screen. The pen acts as your pencil used for drawing the image you create on the tablet appears on the monitor. Advantages   Lets you have images how you wan them to be.   Very good for drawing images. Disadvantages   Very expensive to buy and find.   Can lose pen very easily as it is not attached by a wire.   Can be hard to use. You do not always get what you want. www. logo. com/cat/view/volito-tablet. html Speakers- the speakers will be for the sound effects used on the website This is a piece of output device which allows you to be able to hear whatever you require to hear. It converts electrical signals into to sound signals which you hear through the speaker. Sometimes can be referred to as a loud speaker. Advantages   Hear sounds or anything spoken   Cheap and easy to use. Disadvantages Can break very easily.   Not designed for long-term use. www. global-b2b-network. com/b2b/96/97/519 What I will use and why Mouse I will use a optical mouse because a tracker ball can take some time to understand how to use were as a optical mouse is very easy to use as this is the most widely used mouse. I choose an optical mouse instead of a roller ball mouse because it can break easily due to its weak structure and the ball can get clogged up with dirt so it would not be very long lasting. This is why I have choosen to use an optical mouse. Keyboard I have choosen to use a QWERTY keyboard over a DVORAK keyboard for one main reason that it is much easier to use compared to a DVORAK keyboard which would take time to learn how to use. Another reason was that QWERTY keyboards are much easier to get hold of compared to DVORAK keyboards which also can be very expensive to buy. Monitor I will use a LCD monitor over a TFT-LCD because LCD monitors give much better quality than TFT-LCD monitors. Also a TFT-LCD is expensive so if stolen I there will be a great deal of money loss. It also can be much more easily broken compared to a LCD monitor. Printer I will use a laser printer instead of an inkjet printer because laser printers are capable of doing many prints at a very high quality rate. Also they are much more long lasting compared to an inkjet printer which would save me having to but a new printer every few months. Other pieces of hardware I will use a Digital camera instead of a graphics tablet. This is because with the graphics tablet I will only be able to draw very basic things which would be very well suited for a website. However with a camera I can capture very good quality pictures for a website which will look much more professional. I will also use a speaker for sound effects on my website as it will make the website appear more professional and an excellent feature.

A Review Of Recent Evidence

A Review Of Recent Evidence PROJECT MANAGEMENT EMERGED FROM DIFFERENT FIELDS OF APPLICATION INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION, ENGINEERING, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AND DEFENSE AS A DISCIPLINE. THE 1950S MARKED THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN PROJECT MANAGEMENT ERA. BEFORE 1950S, PROJECTS WERE MANAGED ON AN AD-HOC BASIS USING GANTT CHARTS, OR INFORMAL TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS. PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS THE DISCIPLINE OF PLANNING, ORGANIZING, SECURING AND MANAGING RESOURCES (I.E. MANAGEMENT) TO BRING ABOUT THE SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF SPECIFIC PROJECT GOALS AND OBJECTIVES. B: DISCUSS PROJECT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ELEMENTS ONCE PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS PUT IN PLACE ORGANIZATIONS GET THE NECESSARY TOOLS AND INFORMATION THAT ARE NEEDED TO COLLABORATE AND MANAGE THEIR WORKLOAD AS A TEAM. FOLLOWING ARE THE KEY ELEMENTS FOR BETTER PROJECT MANAGEMENT: 1. CLASSIFY -DEFINE THE TYPE OF WORK: IT HELPS EVERYONE UNDERSTAND WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE E.G. NEW FEATURE, ACTION ITEM, DEFECT ETC. 2. TARGET -TARGET SETS YOUR PROJECT ¿Ã‚ ½S MILESTONES. MEASURING PROGRESS IS EASY WITH METRICS WHEN REMAINING TASKS AND ISSUES CAN BE RELATED BACK TO THE PLAN, KEEPING TEAM MEMBERS FOCUSED AND WORKING TOWARD A COMMON GOAL. 3. PRIORITIZE EACH TEAM MEMBER SHOULD UNDERSTAND THE PRIORITY SYSTEM. 4. COLLABORATE -RIGHT TASKS BE ASSIGNED TO THE RIGHT PEOPLE. MAKE SURE THAT OWNERSHIP BE CLEAR AND REASONABLE. WORKLOAD HAS TO BE BALANCED AND FAIR AND IT SHOULD BE EASY FOR PEOPLE TO GET HELP IF NEEDED FROM OTHER TEAM MEMBERS. 5. CHECK STATUS -TASK STATUS SHOULD BE REGULARLY TRACKED. IT SHOULD BE EASY TO SEE WHAT IS COMPLETED, WHAT REMAINS TO BE COMPLETED, AND WHAT ISSUES EXIST. 6. TRACK COMPLIANCE KEEP A COMPLETE HISTORY FOR EVERY TASK. IT HELPS YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT ISSUES REMAIN, HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR PLANS, UNDERSTAND AND CORRECT PROCESS ISSUES, AND COMPLY WITH APPROPRIATE INDUSTRY STANDARDS LIKE ISO9000 CERTIFICATION ETC. C: DISCUSS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS INFLUENCING PROJECT MANAGEMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT CAN BE AFFECTED BY THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS IN A BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT. THE EXTERNAL FORCES THAT AFFECT PROJECT MANAGEMENT INCLUDE SOCIOLOGICAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL. EXTERNAL FACTORS: 1. SOCIOLOGICAL: IT INCLUDES THE DEMOGRAPHIC STATUS, TRENDS, WORK ETHICS, PERSONAL VALUES, AND GENERAL CULTURES. THESE FACTORS INFLUENCE DIFFERENTLY ON HOW A PROJECT MANAGER ACCOMPLISHES ITS GOALS. THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN EACH COUNTRY IS UNIQUE AND AS THE BUSINESS BECOMES INTERNATIONAL, MANAGEMENT HAS TO UNDERSTAND THESE UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS IN ORDER TO PLAN FOR THE FUTURE AND DESIGN PRODUCTS FOR A PARTICULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE. 2. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL: IT INCLUDES THE ESSENTIAL FACTORS SUCH AS COMPETITORS, SUPPLIERS AND CUSTOMERS. PROJECT MANAGEMENT MUST STUDY THE ECONOMY AND POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR A CONTINUAL AND DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP. BY STUDYING THE COMPANIES, SUPPLIERS, COMPETITORS, CUSTOMERS AND CURRENT POLITICAL FACTORS, THE MANAGEMENT IS CAPABLE OF MAKING EFFECTIVE MANAGERIAL DECISIONS. THUS THE PRODUCTS DESIGNED UNDER THIS POSSES PLACE, FORM AND TIME UTILITY TO SUCCEED IN THE MARKET PLACE. 3. TECHNOLOGY: TECHNOLOGY HAS THE MOST DRAMATIC EFFECT ON PROJECT MANAGEMENT AS ANY CHANGE IN THIS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT IS OFTEN QUICKLY FELT BY FIRM. AS THE MARKET CAN CHANGE OVERNIGHT THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT SHOULD BE IN A POSITION TO MAKE DECISIONS THAT WILL PUT THE COMPANY IN A FLEXIBLE POSITION TO ADAPT WITH THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES. INTERNAL FACTORS: INTERNAL FACTORS OR ENVIRONMENT OF A BUSINESS CONSISTS OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES AVAILABLE TO COMPLETE ITS GOALS. THESE ARE HUMAN, TECHNOLOGICAL, FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES. THE TASK OF MANAGEMENT IS TO ACQUIRE THESE RESOURCES AND MAKE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION. IN THIS TASK THE MANAGEMENT OF A PROJECT IS IN COMPETITION WITH ALL OTHER BUSINESSES IN THE LIFE. ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES ARE THEREFORE SCARCE AND MANAGEMENT SUCCESS DEPENDS ON HOW WELL THESE RESOURCES ARE BOTH ACQUIRED AND UTILIZED. 1. GLOBALIZATION: THE FIRST FACTOR IS GLOBALIZATION WHICH TENDS TO BRING CLOSE PEOPLE FROM AROUND THE WORLD AND AS A RESULT INCREASING THE POSSIBILITIES OF PERSONAL EXCHANGE, MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING AND FRIENDSHIP. GLOBALIZATION IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR FOR SUCCESS, GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF A BUSINESS IN THE WORLD MARKET. THE GLOBAL NETWORKING ALLOWS NEW IDEAS AND PLANNING MEANT TO CAPTURE THE GLOBAL MARKET. 2. TECHNOLOGY: IT IS THE SECOND ASPECT AND REFERS TO TECHNIQUES WHICH MAKE OPERATIONS EASIER. INNOVATION INVOLVES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS TO CREATE A NEW AND IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY. 3. ETHICS: THE FINAL FACTOR AFFECTING PROJECT MANAGEMENT IS ETHICS WHICH IS DESCRIBED AS A SET OF PRINCIPLES OF RIGHT CONDUCT. P2: APPRAISE THE VIABILITY OF PROJECTS AND DEVELOP SUCCESS/FAILURE CRITERIA. A: DEVELOP SUCCESS AND FAILURE CRITERIA FOR PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COST AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS. DR MARTIN BARNES (UK) FIRST DESCRIBED THE  ¿Ã‚ ½IRON TRIANGLE ¿Ã‚ ½ OF TIME, COST AND SCOPE (SOMETIMES QUALITY) IN A COURSE HE DEVELOPED IN 1969. THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE CAN BE USED BY MANAGERS TO HELP UNDERSTAND THE DIFFICULTIES OF IMPLEMENTING CHANGE AND THE COMPLEXITIES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT. ALL PROJECTS HAVE CERTAIN CONSTRAINTS, THOSE THINGS THAT RESTRICT THE DECISIONS THAT CAN BE MADE  ¿Ã‚ ½ FOR EXAMPLE, MOST PROJECTS HAVE A COST CONSTRAINT AS THERE WILL ONLY BE A CERTAIN BUDGET AVAILABLE TO THE PROJECT. A PROJECT MANAGER MUST WORK OUT HOW TO DELIVER A PROJECT WITH A GIVEN SET OF CONSTRAINTS. ONE APPROACH IS THAT OF THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE, WHICH IDENTIFIES THREE CONSTRAINTS THAT WILL APPLY TO ALL PROJECTS AND THAT AFFECT EACH OTHER; TIGHTENING ONE CONSTRAINT WILL ALLOW SOME FLEXIBILITY IN THE OTHERS AND FLEXIBILITY IN ONE AREA WILL AFFECT THE OTHERS. THE THREE CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE ARE TIME, COST AND SCOPE (SOMETIMES QUALITY). AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONSTRAINTS IN THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE (COST, TIME AND SCOPE) CAN HELP ALL MANAGERS TO IMPLEMENT CHANGE IN BUSINESS. TIME CONSTRAINT (SCHEDULE) TIME IS THE MOST DIFFICULT CONSTRAINT TO CONTROL IN A PROJECT AS DEADLINES ARE USUALLY ENSURE EFFICIENT WORKING AND OFTEN THE REQUIRED RESOURCES ARE NOT AVAILABLE WHEN NEEDED .ALL THE ACTIVITIES IN A PROJECT TAKE TIME AND EACH ACTIVITY CAN TAKE A SHORTER OR LONGER AMOUNT OF TIME DEPENDING ON FACTORS SUCH AS THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONNEL COMPLETING THE TASK, THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WORKING ON THE TASK AND THE AVAILABILITY OF WORKERS AT THE GIVEN TIME PERIOD. COST CONSTRAINT ALL PROJECTS HAVE FINITE RESOURCES AVAILABLE THAT ARE MEASURED IN TERMS OF COST. THERE IS A LIMITED BUDGET AND THE PROJECT MANAGER MUST PLAN HOW TO SPEND THE BUDGET ON THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE PROJECT. REDUCING THE COST OF A PROJECT WILL HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE TIME THE PROJECT WILL TAKE AND CHANGING THE TIME AVAILABLE TO A PROJECT WILL IMPACT THE COST OF THE PROJECT. PROJECT SCOPE CONSTRAINT THE SCOPE DEFINES THE EXPECTED DELIVERABLES BY THE PROJECT. THE PROJECT MANAGER HAS TO MANAGE THE SCOPE OF A PROJECT AS ANY CHANGE IN SCOPE WILL IMPACT BOTH COST AND TIME. IF MORE ITEMS ARE ADDED TO THE SCOPE THEN BOTH TIME AND COST MAY INCREASE, AND EVEN A SUBTLE CHANGE TO THE SCOPE CAN HAVE NOTICEABLE IMPACTS, BECAUSE OF WHICH CHANGE CONTROL IS VITAL TO PROJECT SUCCESS. PROJECT QUALITY AT TIMES THE PROJECT MANAGEMENT TRIANGLE IS DESCRIBED WITH THE THREE CONSTRAINTS TIME, COST AND QUALITY RATHER THAN SCOPE, AS HIGHER QUALITY IN A PROJECT CAN EASILY LEAD TO A HIGHER COST AND SOMETIMES MORE TIME. HOWEVER, QUALITY CAN ALSO BE PART OF THE SCOPE OF A PROJECT; AS WELL DEFINED DELIVERABLES WILL INCLUDE A STATEMENT REGARDING THE DESIRED QUALITY. B: BRIEFLY EXPLAIN DIMENSIONS OF PROJECT SUCCESS TO BE SUCCESSFUL A PROJECT MUST: * DELIVER THE OUTCOMES AND BENEFITS REQUIRED BY ORGANIZATION, ITS DELIVERY PARTNERS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDER ORGANIZATIONS * CREATE AND IMPLEMENT DELIVERABLES THAT MEET THE AGREED REQUIREMENTS * MEET THE TIME TARGETS * STAY WITHIN THE FINANCIAL BUDGETS * INVOLVE ALL RIGHT PEOPLE * MAKE BEST USE OF RESOURCES IN THE ORGANIZATION * TAKE ACCOUNT OF CHANGES IN THE WAY THE ORGANIZATION OPERATES * MANAGE ANY RISKS THAT COULD JEOPARDIZE THE SUCCESS * TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NEEDS OF STAFF AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS WHO WILL BE AFFECTED BY THE CHANGES BROUGHT IN BY THE PROJECT. P3: UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES BEHIND PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND SYSTEM PROCEDURES: A: DISCUSS PROJECT INFORMATION SUPPORT SYSTEM THE PROJECT INFORMATION SUPPORT SYSTEM IS USED IN COMPANIES FOR INFORMATIONAL SUPPORT OF PROJECTS AND IN PROJECT PREPARATION AND HANDLING. THE PURPOSE IS TO PROVIDE A HIGH QUALITY PRODUCT, INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF WORK AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN THE COMPANY. THE SYSTEM ENSURES: * REGISTRATION AND FULL DOCUMENTING OF COMPANY ¿Ã‚ ½S PROJECTS * EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION * EXCHANGE OF PROJECT INFORMATION AMONGST ALL PROJECT PARTICIPANTS * EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE TECHNOLOGIES BEING DEVELOPED IN THE COMPANY * FOLLOW-UP OF PROJECT ORGANIZATION DOCUMENTATION AT ALL STAGES BOTH FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF DEVELOPMENT OF ITS CONTENTS, AND FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF WORK ORGANIZATION AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONNEL USE. * POSSIBILITY OF CREATION AND STORAGE OF DOCUMENTATION FOR QUALITY SYSTEM. * INTERACTION BETWEEN PROJECT MANAGER AND THE CUSTOMER, SUBCONTRACTORS, COMPANY MANAGEMENT AND CO-WORKERS WORKING ON THE PROJECT INSIDE THE COMPANY. * NOTIFICATION OF CO-WORKERS AND PROJECT MANAGER ABOUT THE TASKS RECEIVED. * CONTROL OF DOCUMENT IMPLEMENTATION, AGREEMENT AND APPROVAL CYCLES FOR PROJECT DOCUMENTS. * STRUCTURING OF INFORMATION BY PROJECT DOCUMENTATION. * DOCUMENT SYSTEMATIZATION TAKES PLACE ON THE FOLLOWING BASIS: > ACCORDING TO MONTHS AND WEEKS > SEPARATION OF NEW DOCUMENTATION DEVELOPED DURING LAST MONTH AND LAST WEEK > STORAGE OF INFORMATION ON FROZEN AND ACCOMPLISHED PROJECTS IN DYNAMICAL ARCHIVE, POSSIBILITY TO LOOK THROUGH THIS DOCUMENTATION, CHANGE PROJECT STATUS AND TRANSFER ALL INFORMATION ON PROJECT FROM DYNAMICAL ARCHIVE TO THE BASE OF PERSPECTIVE AND ACTIVE PROJECTS. * DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF ACCESS RESTRICTION TO PROJECT DOCUMENTATION FOR COMPANY CO-WORKERS. * THE SYSTEM IS IMPLEMENTED ON THE BASIS OF CLIENT-SERVER PLATFORM. THIS PLATFORM ALLOWS ORGANIZING JOINT USE OF INFORMATION BY ALL EMPLOYEES, TO ENSURE THE APPROPRIATE LEVEL OF INFORMATION SAFETY AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORT FOR STANDARD PROCESSES OF DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT. B: DISCUSS AND GIVE EXAMPLES HOW HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES CAN BE INTEGRATED TO ACHIEVE SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS. FOR A SUCCESSFUL PROJECT COMPLETION, PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES ARE ADOPTED WHICH ARE MOSTLY LEARNED FROM EXPERIENCE, AND THEY ARE UNIVERSALLY VALID FOR ¿Ã‚ ½ALL ¿Ã‚ ½PROJECTS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ PRINCIPLE BASED PROJECT MANAGEMENT BEGINS WITH THESE PRINCIPLES: * RULE 1- FIND OUT WHAT BUSINESS YOU ARE IN, AND THEN MIND YOUR OWN BUSINESS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½BE SURE YOUR BUSINESS IS VIABLE. ¿Ã‚ ½SELECT PROJECTS THAT ARE GOOD FOR YOUR BUSINESS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½UNDERSTAND THE BUSINESS VALUE IN YOUR PROJECT AND LOOK FOR CHANGES. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½LEARN AND APPLY BEST PRACTICES IN YOUR CHOSEN BUSINESS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½DEFINE WHAT IS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE YOUR AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE2 UNDERSTAND THE CUSTOMER ¿Ã‚ ½S REQUIREMENTS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½THOROUGHLY UNDERSTAND AND DOCUMENT CUSTOMER ¿Ã‚ ½S REQUIREMENTS, OBTAIN CUSTOMER AGREEMENT, AND PUT REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENTS UNDER VERSION IDENTIFICATION AND CHANGE CONTROL. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 3 PREPARE A ¿Ã‚ ½REASONABLE ¿Ã‚ ½PLAN. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½PREPARE A ¿Ã‚ ½PLAN ¿Ã‚ ½THAT DEFINES THE SCOPE, SCHEDULE, COST, AND APPROACH FOR A REASONABLE PROJECT. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½INVOLVE TASK OWNERS IN DEVELOPING PLANS AND ESTIMATES, TO ENSURE FEASIBILITY. ¿Ã‚ ½USE A WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE TO PROVIDE COHERENCE AND COMPLETENESS TO MINIMIZE UNPLANNED WORK. * RULE 4 BUILD A TEAM WITH CLEAR OWNERSHIP. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½GET GOOD AND TRUSTWORTHY PEOPLE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ESTABLISH CLEAR OWNERSHIP ¿Ã‚ ½OF WELL-DEFINED TASKS; ENSURE THEY HAVE TOOLS AND TRAINING NEEDED; AND PROVIDE TIMELY FEEDBACK. * RULE 5 TRACK PROJECT STATUS- TRACK ¿Ã‚ ½PROGRESS ¿Ã‚ ½AND CARRYOUT FREQUENT REVIEWS. ¿Ã‚ ½CONDUCT METHODICAL REVIEWS TO HELP MANAGE CUSTOMER EXPECTATIONS, IMPROVE QUALITY, AND IDENTIFY PROBLEMS BEFORE THEY GET OUT OF HAND. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 6 USE BASELINE CONTROLS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ESTABLISH BASELINES FOR THE ¿Ã‚ ½PRODUCT ¿Ã‚ ½USING ¿Ã‚ ½CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT ¿Ã‚ ½AND FOR THE ¿Ã‚ ½PROJECT ¿Ã‚ ½USING COST AND SCHEDULE BASELINE TRACKING. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½MANAGE CHANGES DELIBERATELY. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½USE MEASUREMENTS TO BASELINE PROBLEM AREAS AND THEN TRACK PROGRESS QUANTITATIVELY TOWARDS SOLUTIONS. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 7 WRITE IMPORTANT STUFF DOWN, SHARE IT, AND SAVE IT. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½WRITE DOWN REQUIREMENTS, PLANS, PROCEDURES, AND EVOLVING DESIGNS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½DOCUMENTING ALLOWS THEM TO EVOLVE AND IMPROVE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO HAVE BASELINE CONTROLS, RELIABLE COMMUNICATIONS, OR A REPEATABLE PROCESS WITHOUT DOCUMENTATION. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 8 IF IT HASNT BEEN TESTED, IT DOESNT WORK. ¿Ã‚ ½ DEVELOP TEST CASES EARLY TO HELP UNDERSTAND AND VERIFY REQUIREMENTS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½USE EARLY TESTING TO VERIFY CRITICAL ITEMS AND REDUCE TECHNICAL RISKS. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 9 ENSURE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½KEEP THE CUSTOMERS REAL NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS IN VIEW. ¿Ã‚ ½ * RULE 10 BE RELENTLESSLY PROACTIVE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½TAKE INITIATIVE AND BE RELENTLESSLY PROACTIVE IN APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES AND IDENTIFY AND SOLVE PROBLEMS AS THEY ARISE. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½PERIODICALLY ADDRESS AND CONFRONT PROJECT RISKS. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ATTACK PROBLEMS, AND LEAVE NO STONE UNTURNED. ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ P4: IDENTIFY THE KEY ELEMENTS INVOLVED IN TERMINATING PROJECTS AND CONDUCTING POST-PROJECT APPRAISALS. CLOSURE MAY OCCUR AS PLANNED AT THE END OF THE PROJECT OR EARLY IF THE NEED OR JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PROJECT NO LONGER EXISTS. THE STEPS BELOW APPLY PRIMARILY TO NORMAL TERMINATION. THE BUSINESS CASE SHOULD BE HANDED OVER TO WHOEVER IS GOING TO TAKE LONG TERM RESPONSIBILITY FOR DELIVERING THE DESIRED BENEFITS. TOWARDS THE END OF THE PROJECT THE PROJECT MANAGER PERFORM AN EVALUATION OF THE PROJECT AGAINST THE PROJECT INITIATION DOCUMENT AND REPORT TO THE PROJECT BOARD SO THAT IT MAY FORMALLY CLOSE THE PROJECT, PERHAPS AT A CLOSURE MEETING. THE CHECKLIST BELOW WILL HELP THE SRO/PROJECT BOARD ASSURE ITSELF THAT THE PROJECT CAN BE CLOSED DOWN: PROJECT CLOSURE CHECKLIST * IS THE WORK OF THE PROJECT COMPLETE AS MEASURED AGAINST ANY SUBSEQUENT AGREED CHANGES? * HAVE ALL PROJECT DELIVERABLES BEEN CREATED, QUALITY CONTROLLED, ACCEPTED AND HANDED OVER TO THOSE WHO WILL OPERATE AND MAINTAIN THEM? * HAS INFORMATION ABOUT KNOWN ERRORS CONVEYED TO THOSE WHO WILL USE/OPERATE/MAINTAIN THE DELIVERABLES? * HAS RESPONSIBILITY FOR ONGOING OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND TRAINING OF THE DELIVERABLES BEEN ACCEPTED BY APPROPRIATE PARTS OF THE ORGANIZATION? * HAVE THOSE WHO PROVIDED RESOURCES BEEN INFORMED OF ENDING PROJECT CLOSURE? * HAVE ALL OUTSTANDING REQUESTS FOR CHANGE BEEN PASSED TO APPROPRIATE OWNERS? * HAVE ALL RISKS BEEN COMMUNICATED TO AN APPROPRIATE OWNER IN THE ORGANIZATION? * HAS INFORMATION ABOUT ANY ERRORS IN THE DELIVERABLES BEEN COMMUNICATED TO THOSE WHO WILL OPERATE AND MAINTAIN RESPONSIBILITIES? * IS A PLAN IN PLACE FOR A POST IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW TO MEASURE THE ACTUAL ACHIEVEMENT OF BENEFITS AFTER THE PROJECT (TERMS OF REFERENCE, TIMING AND RESPONSIBILITIES)? * HAVE LESSONS LEARNED BEEN RECORDED AND DISSEMINATED TO INTERESTED PARTIES? * HAS PROJECT MANAGEMENT DOCUMENTATION BEEN FILED FOR FUTURE REFERENCE? YOU MAY RUN LESSONS LEARNT WORKSHOP SO THAT YOU AND OTHERS CAN BENEFIT FROM YOUR EXPERIENCE OF WHAT WENT WELL AND WHAT COULD HAVE BEEN DONE IN A BETTER WAY. ONCE THE PROJECT BOARD HAS CONFIRMED CLOSURE, THE PROJECT TEAM IS DISBANDED AND THE PROJECT ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES NO LONGER EXIST. NO COSTS OR OTHER RESOURCES SHOULD GET CHARGED AGAINST A CLOSED PROJECT. MUAZZAM ALI BADSHA PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2ND SEMESTER CONFED SCHOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL STUDIES Page | 1

Exploring The Role Transition Student To Qualified Nurse Nursing Essay

Exploring The Role Transition Student To Qualified Nurse Nursing Essay In this essay the author will explore the role transition from student nurse to qualified member of staff and discuss in brief some roles and responsibilities of the newly qualified nurse (NQN). Focus will be placed on delegation and administration of Patient Group Directions (PGDs) as two responsibilities of the NQN who is both a delegator and a dispenser of medicines. Delegation can be challenging for NQNs as it involves entrusting designated tasks to non-qualified member of staff while still retaining professional accountability. Administration of PGDs will be discussed as well as group protocol arrangements for medicines administration has become over the last few years valuable to nurses, especially those working in settings where immunisation programmes and family planning services are delivered. Roles of the newly qualified nurse Critical discussion (400 words) Contemporary nursing has changed considerably in terms of its roles and responsibilities. A big turnaround came with the change in the European Working Time Directive which reduced drastically the working hours of junior doctors, leading to Registered Nurses (RNs) extending their roles and undertaking tasks traditionally carried out by medical professionals (McKenna et al, 2004; Kessler et al, 2010). In order to meet patient needs and to fill the gaps left by those nurses, Healthcare Assistants (HCAs) were then expected to start extending their skills and assume delivery of care that was previously the domain of registered staff (Kessler et al, 2010, Griffiths and Robinson, 2010). This was a positive step for modernising nursing careers with nurses now working across boundaries and with the creation of new specialist roles (DH, 2006a), but naturally it decreased at the same time engagement in direct patient care (Kessler et al, 2010). Registered nurses (RN) in the United Kingdom are expected to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills to meet Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) standards, which aim at guiding and supporting them in the delivery of high quality care. Nurses are expected to delegate, lead and supervise other nurses and healthcare professionals and have therefore to gain and develop analytical, problem-solving and decision-making skills (NMC, 2010) both during their training and throughout their nursing career. Even with development of the RN role If nursings original professional identity is to be uphold, it essential that NQNs enter the profession sensitive to its core values and roles, even while trying to advance practice (Harmer, 2010). Rationale for role choice (200 words) The author chose the role of delegation both Role 1 Delegation (700 words) RN are expected to organise and supervise the work of HCAs and the ability to delegate effectively is central to their success (Curtis and Nicholl, 2004) The NMC Code of Conduct (2008b) stresses that RN must delegate effectively and establish that anyone they delegated to is able to carry out their instructions. In addition it states that nurses must confirm that the outcome of the delegated tasks meet required standards and that anyone they are responsible for, is supervised and supported. The employer is in turn the one responsible for ensuring that HCAs have sufficient training and education to competently undertake the aspects of care which a RN is expected to delegate to them (NMC, 2008a). The NMC fails however to give a reasoned justification as to why the RN is still accountable for the delegated tasks if the employer is the one responsible for confirming competency or if indeed the RN is expected to confirm this her/himself how she/he is expected to effectively gain knowledge of the education, training and qualifications of all HCAs they work with in clinical practice (including bank staff). Both the RCN and the DH have sought in the past further clarification from the NMC as far as delegation and accountability are concerned as the advice provided by the body has been regarded as confusing (Harrison, 2007) HCAs education and training is not mandatory and standardised in terms of content, assessment and accreditation (Griffiths and Robinson, 2010) and therefore there is no default quality assurance on their competencies so caution and uncertainty is to be expected from the RN when delegating work as she/he could see her/his registration put at stake for any error in judgement (Kessler et al, 2010. This is because although the HCA retains responsibility in their actions carrying out the delegated task, the RN is ultimately accountable (NMC, 2004, RCN, 2006a) to their regulatory and professional body. Accountability is a key element of professional practice and it is intimately linked with delegation. RNs are professionally accountable to the NMC for any actions and omissions in their practice and must be able to justify their decisions. Failure to comply with the code may bring their fitness to practice into question and jeopardize their registration (NMC, 2008b). RNs are also accountable to both civil and criminal law, their employer (NMC, 2009, Dimond, 2008) and on a moral dimension, to themselves (Dimond, 2008). If tasks are matched successfully against HCAs skills and knowledge though, delegation can result in improved productivity and efficiency as this makes best use of available human resources. In some cases if the clinical area is particularly understaffed, delegation becomes a necessity, rather than an option. Effective delegation can potentially enable RNs to focus on doing fewer tasks well, rather than many talks inadequately (Curtis and Nicholl, 2004) and can create a more motivated and co-operative team (Eaton, 2009). On the other hand studies suggest that excessive task delegation can lead to feelings of frustration as nurses end up having less contact with patients than they originally hoped for. Accountability issues can also lead to increased levels of stress (Takase et al, 2005). Research has found that in order to comply with the code of conduct nurses can spend large amounts of time inducting, training and supervising HCAs (McKenna et al, 2004) on tasks that HCAs were theoretically undertaking to alleviate nurses workload (Kessler et al, 2010). Demands of supervision can also compromise the time NQN should be devoting to consolidate and develop their clinical skills (Griffiths and Robinson, 2010). Paradoxically, literature suggests that experienced HCAs frequently act as unofficial mentors to NQN and are seen as a significant source of formal and informal knowledge and guidance to less experiences members of staff (Griffiths and Robinson, 2010, Kessler et al, 2010). The process of delegation assumes inevitably a hierarchical command structure (Curtis and Nicholl, 2004) which could easily pose challenges for NQN, whom in real terms are expected to supervise and be accountable for HCAs who may be considerably more experienced. Role 2 PGD (700 words) PGDs provide a legal mechanism to administer and/or supply medicines to patients by a specific range of health care professionals, without the need of consultation with a doctor or a dentist (NPC, 2009). A PGD is written instruction for the supply or administration of a licensed medicine(s) in a specifically identified clinical scenario that is not aimed at a specific patient, but rather at any patient that meets the criteria established on that PGD. The PGD must be written up at a local level by a multidisciplinary team including a doctor, a pharmacist and a representative of any professional group expected to dispense under the PGD. For a PGD to be valid it must be signed by a doctor or a dentist and a senior pharmacist, ideally the ones involved in developing the direction. It must also be authorised by the PCT or NHS trust which will use it (MHRA, 2010a). PGDs can only be administered by registered healthcare professionals such as nurses, midwifes, health visitors, paramedics, radiographers, etc. Each PGD must however, list individually the names of the registered professionals allowed to dispense under the direction. A senior individual in each profession should assume the responsibility to ensure that all designated dispensers in the PGD are fully competent, registered and trained professionals. (DH, 2006b). A PGD can act as a direction to a nurse to supply and/or administer prescription-only medication to patients that meet the criteria, based on the nurses assessment of their needs and without needed to refer to a doctor for an individual prescription (RCN, 2006b) The supply and administration of medicines under a PGD should be reserved for specific circumstances where it is advantageous for patient care, it does not compromise patient safety and is consistent with professional accountability (MHRA, 2010a, NPC, 2009, DH, 2006b), as the nurse must always act within their own expertise and competence (DH, 2006b). PGDs are a convenient way of recognising nurses ability to use medication to the benefit of the patient and any registered professional dispensing medication under the terms of a PGD should act in accordance with the NMC Code of Conduct and the NMC Standards for Medicines Management (RCN, 2006b). The legislation requires that every PGD must contain key information: the place where the PGD will be used (eg. primary or acute care), the date the directive comes into force and the date it expires (it is recommended good practice that PGDs should be reviewed every two years), a description of the medicine to which the PGD applies (both the name and the purpose of the medication should be included, eg. analgesic or oral contraceptive), class of the healthcare professional able to supply/administer the medication (the PGD should clearly state which of the professional groups can use but each individual can only do so if she/he is named individually), the signature of a doctor/dentist and a pharmacist (only approved prescribers as doctors/dentists), signature by a representative of an appropriate health organisation (eg. chief executive of a trust), the clinical condition to which the PGD applies to (a description of the problem a patient must present with in order to receive medicat ion under the directive), a description of patients that are to be excluded from treatment under the PGD (detailed guidance on which circumstances a patient should be excluded and provided with an individual prescription, eg. complex medical condition or a specific medical problem), a description of when further advice should be sought from a doctor/dentist and when to arrange for referrals (a patient might meet the criteria set on the directive but depending on which specifics they present, further advice might still be needed from a medical professional), details of the appropriate dosage, maximum total dosage, quantity, pharmaceutical form and strength, route, frequency of administration, minimum and maximum period over which the medication should be administrated and the legal status of the drug should all be specified (this ensures that the correct medicine is given in the right dose for the appropriate length of time), relevant warnings including potential adverse reactions (a s with any medicines it is essential to be aware of any contra-indications of potential adverse effects), details of any follow-up action and under which circumstances (a patient might need to be seen again in order to detect if the medication had the desired effect) and finally a statement of records to be kept for audit purposes (the directive must specify which records need to be kept, eg. as a minimum full patient details and full information regarding the drugs that has been administrated) (MHRA, 2010a, NPC, 2009, RCN, 2006b) PGDs cannot be used in independent and public sector care homes or independent sector schools that provide healthcare services outside the NHS. (MHRA, 2010b) PGDs can only be used in the NHS and other services funded by the NHS but provided by the private, voluntary or charitable sector. Certain non-NHS organisations such as independent hospitals, agencies and clinics registered under the Care Standards Act 2000, prisons healthcare services and police services, and defence medical services can however use PGDs for the sale, supply and/or administration of medicines (NPC, 2009) NQN registered with the NMC and on the live register are allowed to administer medication under a PGD, providing they are one of the named dispensers on the directive. However, because robust clinical judgement is necessary to assess the patient prior to administration, a more experienced member of the nursing team is likely to be named over a NQN. Both the RCN and NMC offer no specific recommendations for the administration (or not) of medicines under a PGD, by a NQN. There are also no specific national training programmes for PGD, however individual organisations must ensure that any professional administering medication under a PGD is competent to do so (DH, 2006b) Conclusion (300 words) The role of the RN has expanded considerably over the last years. NQN now enter the profession expected to assume roles of leadership, delegation and supervision very shortly afterwards being students nurses and working with alongside and under the protection of their mentors. As soon as they gain their pin number and join the NMC register a whole new raft of expectations is placed upon them. Many NQN however reportedly feel unprepared and overwhelmed by their new responsibilities, making the period of transition very stressful rather than exciting and truly enjoyable. Delegation is a fundamental skill every RN and NQN must gain and develop in order to be able to manage their workload effectively in clinical practice. Delegating as a NQN can be challenging as often the recipient of the task is a more experienced member of the team, for whom she/he is still yet professionally accountable. Medicines administration is another responsibility of the RN. PGDs have become increasingly impor tant tools for nurses working in clinical settings delivering immunisation, working in travel clinics and family planning services. With many NQN now opting to join community services, PGDs become increasingly relevant to them.

Drug Prohibition :: essays research papers

Drug Prohibition There are no panaceas for the world's drug problems, but legalizing drugs, un-clog the court system, and free prison space for real criminals. comes as close as any single policy could. Removing legal penalties from the production, sale and use of "controlled substances" would not create a "heaven on Earth," but it would alleviate many of the nation's social and political problems. Legalization would reduce drug-related crime, save the U.S. billions of dollars In 1984, a kilogram of cocaine worth $4000 in Columbia sold at wholesale for $30,000, and at retail in the U.S. for some $300,000. At the time, a Drug Enforcement Administration spokesman noted that the wholesale price doubled in six months "due to crackdowns on producers and smugglers in Columbia and the U.S." The consequence of this drastic factory-to-retail escalation is a rise in crime. Addicts must pay hundreds of times the costs of their habit, and often turn to crime to finance their addiction. Also, those who deal in the selling of the drugs become prime targets for assault for carrying extremely valuable goods. The streets become battlegrounds for competing dealers because a particular block or corner can rake in thousands of extra dollars a day. Should drugs be legalized, the price would collapse, and so would the drug-related motivations to commit crime. A pack of cocaine becomes no more dangerous to carry than a pack of cigarettes. The streets would be safer to walk, as criminal drug dealers are pushed from the market. Legalization would also deflate prison overcrowding. Out of 31,346 sentenced prisoners in federal institutions, drug law violators were the largest single category, 9487. By legalizing drugs, there would be no more drug offenders to lock up. Since many drug users would no longer be committing violent or property crimes to pay for their habits, there would be fewer real criminals. This decrease in inmates would bring the overflowing federal prison system down to its rated capacity. The excessive efforts now used against drug activity and drug related-crimes by police would then be put to use more effectively for catching rapists, murderers, and the remaining criminals who commit crimes against people and property. It takes a month to bring a person accused of a crime to trial. It's even slower for civil proceedings. There simply isn't enough judges to handle the ever-increasing caseload. By legalizing drugs, thousands of cases would be wiped off the courts permitting the rest to move faster. Prosecutors would have more time to handle cases, and judges could make more considered decisions. Better decisions would lead to fewer grounds for appeals, reducing the huge

Differences of Love in Shakespeares Romeo and Juleit Essay -- Shakespe

Two lovers, different in beliefs, yet the same in thoughts and feelings, are set to have a tragic ending in their life story. In William Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare portrays differences between the love of Romeo for Juliet, and the love of Juliet for Romeo. Many people often wonder why this love between Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet did not turn out for the best. It is not their love for one another that finally breaks them apart from the world, it is the way they love one another. The couple struggled to the death trying to make their passionate love work out with each other, but their many differences kept coming up in their lives and getting in the way of their love. While Romeo is a Manic lover and Juliet is an Erotic lover, their love is more likely to be star-crossed. Romeo is a Manic type of lover, which is the main reason why The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet did not have a happy ending. There are many examples of Romeo being a Manic lover. One good example is when he is talking to Friar Lawrence the morning after Romeo meets Juliet and sneaks away to her house to woo her. Romeo says to Friar Lawrence, ?Then plainly know my hearts dear love is set / On the fair daughter of rich Capulet, / As mine on hers, so hers is set on mine?/ We met, we wooed, and made exchange of vow?/ That thou consent to marry us today? (II, iii, 57-59, 62, 64). This explains how Romeo becomes intensely preoccupied with thoughts of Juliet and need for Juliet?s love. Romeo?s heart is set on Juliet, and he can?t stop thinking about her. Inside, Romeo also knows that Juliet loves him, too, and her heart is set on his. Love at first sight is quick on Romeo. After less than one day of knowing her, Romeo has ... ...n love at first sight, this story may have had a different ending. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare clearly displays the tragic ending between Romeo and Juliet. The tragedy is not because of their love for one another, but for the differences between the ways they loved each other. Romeo was too fast for Juliet, and Juliet was too ideal for Romeo. If Romeo had been an Erotic lover, or Juliet had been a Manic lover, this tragedy may have ended up differently. It may not have even been a tragedy at all. Despite all the struggles between differences and families, Romeo and Juliet still had a very passionate love for each other at the ending, although it did not turn out as they had first planned. Romeo and Juliet?s love for one another did not have a truly happy ending, because the love between Romeo and Juliet was star-crossed from the beginning.

Factors, Symptoms and Treatment of Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzhei

Alzheimer Disease 1 Alzheimer Disease Introduction This research paper will examine factors, signs of symptoms, treatment, when to visit a doctor and how to care for a love one with Alzheimer disease. In the early stages of the disease, scientists have estimated that 500,000 people in their 30’s, 40’s and 50’s that have Alzheimer disease or a related dementia. Younger individuals may have problems with memory, thinking and concentration. The form of dementia is a term for the loss of memory and other intellectual abilities that interferes with their daily life. There’s serve types of dementia such as vascular dementia, mixed dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia. Those individuals with a parent, brother, sister or a child with Alzheimer’s are most likely to develop the illness. A great risk increases if more than one family member has the disease. Alzheimer disease is a brain disorder that will get worse over time, and it is fatal. It destroys memory, thinking and behavior that will affect their work, and hobbies or social life. The brain has 100 billion cells (neurons). Each nerve cell communicates with many others to form networks. Nerve cells networks have special jobs. Some are involved in thinking, learning and remembering, help us to see, hear, smell and others to tell our muscles when to move. Individuals who stay socially engaged in activities that stimulate the mind and body can reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease or other dementia. As people get older, our brain ma... ... Changing the person’s environment to Alzheimer Disease 4 understand the cause, resolve challenges, obstacles to comfort and security. Everyone who develops behavioral symptoms should receive a thorough medical exam, especially if symptoms appear suddenly. An exam may reveal treatable conditions that are contributing to the behavior. The treatable drug can cause side effects to many people with Alzheimer’s who is taking the prescription medications for other health problems. The drug for Alzheimer’s can cause side effect or interaction between drugs that can sometimes affect the behavior. As the disease gets worse, those with Alzheimer’s have difficulty communicating about their experience.

Offshoring Paper Essay

This article talks about a trend that started as far back as the 1980’s when companies began sending many jobs abroad mainly because of cheap labor. However, that trend is quickly changing. Companies are discovering that the wage gap is narrowing and many of the disadvantages are now starting to outweigh benefits of sending jobs abroad. One of the points mentioned in the article is that wages in china have risen 10-20% in the last 10 years, whereas wages in America and Europe have remained about the same. Also, another disadvantage of send production abroad is that shipping can be very expensive. In recent years shipping costs have gotten higher such that the cost of producing elsewhere and shipping to the US is no longer as cheap as it used to be. The time factor is also a big issue. Many times transit takes as long as six weeks which makes it hard for companies to fulfill their orders in a timely manner. In conclusion, the article makes a note that a lot of companies are now rethinking their decision about going offshore. Opinion Most of the companies went offshore to save money, and I can see where they are coming from after all the whole goal of having a business is to make profits however in my opinion many of the companies did not take the time to properly analyze the other costs involved in moving jobs offshore. Many also forgot to consider how it will affect the quality of their service when it comes to shipping time and sometimes the quality of the product. I am very happy that many jobs are coming back and I think the government needs to do more to encourage the companies. They should offer tax reductions where necessary so that America will be able to compete in the global market. I also like the point the article makes, that just because companies are tending towards reducing offshoring does not mean they will be less global, infact distributing their activities more evenly around the globe will make most companies more efficient.

An examination of the importance of going onto higher education and the impact that has on employability?

I am going to explore to what extent does attending university (higher education) have an impact on the graduate's employability. There are three sub research questions I will be focusing on. Firstly, I will be analysing the benefits and problems there are of going onto university in the hope of increasing employability. In order, to do this I will be identifying the relevant corpus of academic and policy related literature and documentation concerning university and employability. The reason for this is that it is vital to realise that it's still important to assess existing knowledge that's associated with education and compare it with my research. Secondly, I will be focusing on to what extent has investing in a degree and other financial costs such as accommodation for example with going onto university has achieved the desired outcome for degree graduates. To find out this information, I will be looking at degree graduates, and how they believe their employability has affected their employability. Finally, I will be looking at how 18 years not going onto HE, to what extent has that helped their desired outcome. I am now going to briefly explain the structure of my report. I will now provide a critical literature review analysing policy documents and academic literature and review what others have done. This will show how my research fits in with what others have done about my subject. This is my first research objective as I've mentioned earlier. I will then explain my research project and methodology used to gather and analyse data. After, I have decided my methodological approach; I will then report my research results. I will undertake a critical analysis of public perceptions and carry out a small study, and provide evidence in my appendix to verify my research results. I will then discuss my findings in a critical manner and relate my results back to the literature material. In my ethical form under proposed methodology, I mentioned that I would find out information by not only questionnaires and face-to-face interviews, but also surveys. I have decided not to do surveys and face-to-face interviews the reason being is that it is very difficult to access surveys associated to my area of study. Moreover, the time and money spent on getting this information would hinder time being spent on my study. Therefore, as a result I have decided to exclude the use of surveys in my research. I am not doing face-to-face interviews because of the availability of time for other students to be available to answer questions. In order, to resolve this problem I am going to add open-ended questions in my questionnaire to get insight. Progressing onto university (higher education) can greatly enhance wherever you want to go in the future. The reason for this is, that it illustrates to employers the ability to acquire information in a specialised subject. (Directgov. 2005. ‘ The benefits of higher education' [online] Available from http://www. direct. gov. uk/en/EducationAndLearning/UniversityAndHigherEducation/index. htm [Accessed 3 Jan 2007]) Therefore, this stands to reason graduates coming out of university and entering employment will have higher earning potential to those who don't go on to higher education. However, in a report in the telegraph it stated that a third of university graduates are in jobs that do not require a degree in 2004-05. This brings out the question; does it really enhance career prospects? In the same article, Boris Johnson says about a degree. ‘It is a wonderful thing to have irrespective of the kind of job you are doing. ‘ I am very critical of this statement because the main reason of going into higher education is to enhance your career. What is the point of attaining a degree, if it doesn't? (Smith. H {25th July 2006} ‘Third of graduates in non-graduate jobs' Telegraph [online] Available from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/main. jhtml? xml=/news/2006/07/23/nuni. xml Accessed 17th December 2006]) Is it right from degree graduates to find difficulty in finding graduate jobs and fall into ‘non-graduate jobs'? In which they could of entered prior going to university and without the associated financial costs? I aim to find out the value of a degree in the economic market and whether it is actually worth it considering the New Labour's target of 50% for 18-25 year olds to enter HE. The more graduates flooding the market, the less graduate jobs would be available? There are contrasting views of going into higher education. The article written by Directgov provides a biased view of higher education, in my opinion. The reason being is that Directgov is a site produced by the Central office of Information, associated with the government. As a result, it will would emphasis the benefits of the HE, and they would do this to reach their target of 50%. In contrast, to the telegraph newspaper, there could be a tendency to over exaggerate words and statistics, in order to engage the ready and boost sales. I have chosen this topic of research as education as it affects not only me but also people around me. I am investing my time and money in a degree in the hope of attaining a qualification, which will enhance my career prospects, but in the current climate, it may not. Therefore, which is the best route for a successful career (a graduate/non-graduate) and does it matter? I will explore and come up with conclusions to these questions later on in my report, by collecting and analysing information. I will be gathering both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data is data in which can be categorised and have a numerical relationship. Whereas, qualitative data the information can't be categorised numerically, the data type is unstructured and may involve long sentences. (Becker S and Bryman A. 2004. ‘Understanding research for social policy and practise' pp 403-4) Quantitative research illustrates indicators to act as a measure that can stand for a point. Therefore, it can show relationships between variables (independent and dependent. ) For example, if the taxes are increased these would mean that there would be more financial muscle for public services. The questionnaires that the people fill in will help provide this type of information and to show correlations between variables. In contrast, to qualitative data where the main aim is to understand people's beliefs, values and behaviour. The qualitative data I will gain from face to face interviews will help me to explain the quantitative data. (Becker S and Bryman A. 2004. ‘Understanding research for social policy and practise' pp 92-7) I am going to ask ten people who are graduates and that are a non-graduate on their views on higher education. This will aid me into find finding some conclusions on this issue. There is a different questionnaire for graduates and non-graduates . The questionnaires are available in the appendix. Prior to giving out my questionnaires I had to pre test these questions to check that they are as clear as possible. I did this by asking the general public on their views and amending any necessary faults in the questions. I have to reassure the sample of respondents that I will not disclose any personal details and that the research details will remain confidential. In my questionnaire, I didn't ask for their name, as I see that it is of no relevant to the study. I am now going to discuss the results I have discovered in my research. In the first section of the questionnaire, I have included a question about the respondent's ethnicity. In my opinion, this is a question worth asking, because of evidence being illustrated that there is a trend. Gary Craig, professor of Social Justice in 2002, interviewed 16-18 year olds about their experiences of not being in education. ‘ Of the 64 young people interviewed, 41 were of African- Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin. Craig G and Britton L. 2002. ‘Missing connexions'? Bristol/York: The policy press 4 (2) p. 39-41) This is backed up by my research as, only 10% of the university graduates I interviewed were black. Despite, the figures the research done by Gary Craig, can't be completely related to my research as he interviewed the 16-18 year old category. Despite, Gary Craig focusing on a different age category to me (18 and onwards), the issue of the high number of African Caribbean not going onto HE, in comparison to other ethnic groups, stems from an early age. An article in the Times shows that only 27% of African- Caribbean achieve five or more GCSEs at grades A*-C. (Baldwin T. {13 March 2005} ‘ It's not race that keeps black boys back' The Times [online] also available from http://www. timesonline. co. uk/tol/comment/article426390. ece [Accessed 2nd January 2008]) In the same article it is mentioned that Trevor Phillips the chairman of the commission for racial equality. He did an experiment and found that black boys performed 12% better from all different races. This has sure to raises eyebrows with comprehensive secondary schools. In 1956, labour politician Anthony Crosland, introduced the idea that the pupils in secondary schools be streamed into separate classes according to their academic ability. ‘ In my opinion, with the influence of Trevor Phillips's findings, I think we should question the way the pupil are ‘streamed. ‘ (Alcock P. 2003 ‘ Social Policy in Britain,' Second edition pp. 44-5) The reasons why graduates decided to go to university were to increase their chances of employability, higher earning potential and enhance personal development, as I expected. Whereas, the non-graduates suggested that they didn't have the discipline and motivation to stay in education any further. They also felt that they weren't getting anything out of the years they had stayed in education before they left. In 2006, a study from the department for education and skills (DfES) found that the earnings between graduates and being educated at A Level is 45%. (Prospects Career Service Desk. ‘ How do graduates and non-graduates salaries compare? ‘ Available at http://www. prospects. ac. k/cms/ShowPage/Home_page/Main_menu___Research/Labour_market_information/Labour_market_FAQs/How_do_graduate_and_non_graduate_salaries_compare_/p! elkFpLg;jsessionid=a630e2bd2c3b6b3225f1 [Accessed 2nd January]) The public perception of the benefits of going onto HE still remains and is clearly shown in my research. In the second question, I asked the respondent's to answer on a scale of 1-10 to answer how had a university degree helped their career. The mean answer yie lded a value of 8. 7, in comparison to the non-graduates with a value of 4. 5. This shows that the public are aware of the benefits and importance of HE. The reasons included that the graduates felt they took their education as far as they can, to enable them with to have the best opportunities as possible. One candidate actually mentioned Labour's government target of 50% of 18-25 year olds going into HE, which meant the value of a degree, is still invaluable. In contrast, to the non-graduates they stated that since they didn't follow through with education, they were left with limited opportunities that have affected their career. 60% of the candidates mentioned that they were always going to be second best to those who gone into HE. Despite, all the benefits of going into HE, in the current climate it is difficult to find jobs for graduates. In the article, in the telegraph it mentioned that over a third of graduates were in jobs in which they couldn't see the benefits of being a graduate in the first place. (Smith. H {25th July 2006} ‘Third of graduates in non-graduate jobs' Telegraph [online] Available from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/news/main. jhtml? xml=/news/2006/07/23/nuni. xml [Accessed 17th December 2006]). My research illustrates this point as only 40% of the graduates felt that they have been helped with investing in HE. The remaining felt that their university degree hasn't helped them as yet, but will do in the long run. The graduates have faith with the opportunities of HE, despite being in a current role, in which they couldn't see the benefits of HE. 95% of the total respondents would recommend an 18 year old to enter HE. The graduates felt that it is essential for personal development, two candidates mentioned ‘ to find yourself. ‘ Going onto university does have many benefits, like expanding you social scene, broadening horizons and learning more about the world we live in. These benefits help graduates in choosing the right and suitable path they want to go in terms of a job, because of the job prospects. In my opinion and my research shows this is that HE is important in the economic market. The literature documents I have used, doesn't mention the class of students who got 1st, 2. 1 etc. This could explain why graduates were in ‘ non-graduate' jobs. The research they have provided could have been more extensively. As we all know, the majority of university students are not going to get 1st class degree, as a result, they may not get their desire job. The job market has become such a competitive, as more and more students are going into HE. Therefore, it is becoming increasing likely that graduate jobs are going to be offered to those who have graduated with a 1st class from a top university. This raises the issue, why is the government raising the tuition fees and still wants people to go into HE? Is it right for someone who is attending university with the exception of Oxford pay the same fees? These are issues, which still need to be considered, because of university league tables. The university league tables have enabled employers to judge how well universities are doing. Therefore, is it right that the university which is last in the table be paying the same fees as the university at the top, whilst the job opportunities would be reduced? This area is very broad and brings about different questions, which still need to be looked. When New Labour took over they said their priorities is ‘education education education. ‘ Blair was quoted, as saying he wants to still ‘technocratic values,' in which he wants the country to be as educated as possible, which in turn would have a positive effect on the economy. To what extent does attending university have an effect on the graduate's employability? From my research, I have gathered that HE does help you in terms of employability, to what extent? It depends on the individual, if they are attending at a good university and enter the job market with a good class degree. There is no reason that the HE, can increase employability and the individual's career. The full extensive benefits of HE can be seen, if the individual makes use of this education to the best of their ability. It all depends on the individual.