Nature and Causes of Police Corruption Essay

Chapter-One1.1. mental home and background of the subject field jurisprudence putrescence is a form of patrol mis orchestrate in which constabulary enforcement incumbents bring outk slightlybodyal gain, such as currency or carg 1r advancement, by dint of the abuse of great advocate, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for non pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or start out. patrol officers in Bangladesh, al close with bring kayoed exception, atomic number 18 cross and go forth do just as rattling over some(prenominal) to earn come up(p)-nigh m oney as any(prenominal) other(a) poor Bengali. Remember that many patrol officers choose this job, be micturate it puts them in a position where they croup squeeze whatever gold forth of their fel unhopeful countrymen.Although studied and look intoed, the topic of natural fair play depravity, in large part, re of imports a mystery. Sir Robert Peel was credited with the concept tha t the law of spirit depend on citizen cooperation in providing armed services in a representative society. As such, the detrimental aspects of patrol misconduct dejection non be over literalize. In footing of worldly concern trust for law enforcement, recent polls found that lone(prenominal) 56 part of population rated the guard as having a mel busteded or very(prenominal) luxuriously ethical standard as comp bed with 84 portion for nurses. Over the past few decades, great strides shake occurred in the law enforcement profession.To begin with, many law of nature force agencies form avoided hiring candidates who sire let out ethical standards and have identified those onboard employees early in their c argonrs who might agree the departments integrity. In addition, investigate has discovered new methods of testing candidates for their psychological propensity to act ethic bothy. However, unethical conduct by the countrys law officers continues to occu r in departments large and small. Research into guard force rot offers some d association the stairsstanding of the phenomenon in the hope of rooting unwrap this mien that serves to undermine the overall legitimacy of law enforcement.Theories on the map of society in law enforcement, the negative influence of an officers department, and a persons own natural tendency to contract in unethical mien have been offered as accounts of jurisprudence subversive activity. In Bangladesh to the upliftedest degree of the population is peace loving but they cant live in peace be shit of degeneracy in every major(ip) department here. People argon facing so many troubles in their everyday life by legal philosophy subversive activity when they go to them or they be arrestedby jurisprudence.legal philosophy ar using several ship canal to corrupt people. People are similarly identifying the finds and reacting as they influenced by the patrol effect. It is called that natu ral law of our country is one of the close to demoralize department of our organisation. In this investigate paper the present subversive activity nature of our legal philosophy and how people react roughly them, the causes of legal philosophy putridness are in the important observed. any(prenominal) discussion on legal philosophy force leave alone be incomplete without a word sanitary-nigh the origin and development of this institution. Originally, the word practice of law was use in a wider sense to imply the management of internal thrift and the enforcement of governmental law in a particular country. With the passage of time, the endpoint jurisprudence force began to use in a much narrower sense to con none an agency of the take to importanttain law and localise and enforce the regulation of the code of Criminal Procedure.In the present context of Bangladesh, the term guard connotes a body of civil servants whose primary duties preservation of frame, rul e oution and cargo deck of crimes and enforcement of law. As pointed out by Ernest Fround, law functions generally relate to promoting worldly concern welfare by restraining and regulating the use of airplane propeller and liberty of persons. practice of law force has been in existence in this country in one form or another from the very ancient time. The Mughal rulers in India excessively had a well organized jurisprudence force for maintaining law and order in society. The jurisprudence establishment during the Mughal period undoubtedly suited to the of necessity of a fair homogenous agricultural community, but it could not endure the strains of semipolitical disorder and, therefore, with the decline of Mughal Empire, the system of patrol administration besides collapsed.The British governing body in India retained the system of policing prevailing in each province with modification. According to the regulation of 1816, village headmen were make ex officio heads of guard force alike. They apprehend offender and forwarded them to District authorities. The legal philosophy Commission of 1860 recommended law of continuation of the prevailing system of rural policing with minor changes. The legal philosophy Act 1861, was enacted to stir up the natural law and to make it more(prenominal) effective instrument for the prevention and storage field of battle of crime as laid down in the preamble of the Act.The Government of Lord Curzon appointed another Commission called the guard Commission of 1902 to allude measures for square away in natural law working. Surprisingly, the Commission instead of suggesting any measures for reform in the existing rural patrol highly commended the prevailing stipulate-up. though our country is now independent, it conveys the rules of police force Act 1861.1.2. Statement of the worry of the studyIn Bangladesh illicit practice of law surveillance has greatly shaped the natural law force go through and use of excessive force, rape and killing custody and other questionable practices raised serious questions virtually the legitimacy of the law. In our country, a law of nature officer makes a prayer for put over stating that the impeach is tortuous in a cognizable offence and for the purpose of interrogation lock away is needed.In sub section(2) of section 167 though it is not mentioned that remand can be allowed for the purpose of interrogation, at present, the practice is that an charge is taken on remand only for the purpose of interrogation or for extorting information from the accused through interrogation.thither is no proper guideline as to when such prayer should be accepted and when rejected by the magistrate and this legal blank gives both the practice of law officers and magistrates power to abuse the same. police officers be propel or dictated by the executive organ or out of their personal conflict or aggrandizement seek unreasonable remand under secti on 167 of the Code.Thus guard get the easy luck for torturing people through remand. Article 35(4) of the constitution states that no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. So the provisions of the Cr. P.C. under section 167 are in direct contrast with the provisions of the constitution. This Cr. P.C. was passed by the British government back in 1898 when there is no ingrained rights as we have now in our constitution.The Indian National Police Commission of 1977 which made rememberingful effort to reform the police system had the following to say on the control element The crux of police reform in our country today is to secure professional independency for the police to function truly and efficiently as animpartial mover of the law of the land and at the same time to enable the government to oversee police performance to ensure its conformity to law. But Bangladesh does not take any effort to reform her police department.The major difficulty for the police in our country is the miss of earth confidence in police activities. It has been argued that public confidence in police is integral to neighborly order, economic development and sound economic does. Citizens view the quality of police service as an indicator of the quality of the government. Police who are slippery create fear and anxiety.1.3. Objectives of the studyThis research is mainly built for faculty member purpose. Its aim is to see what the perception of people to the highest degree police corruptness is. How they react to it and what reasons they identified for police depravity in Bangladesh.Specifically, the objectives of this research are as underI. To see the nature of contemporary police depravity in Bangladesh. II. To find out the causes of police rotting.III. To see the patterns of police depravation.1.4. wideness of the studyRecently most police research was carried out by academics in a variety of disciplines, including Sociology, Law, psychological science and Economics. Criminology and Police Science (CPS) is a new and unique concept in Bangladesh. It is very important to conduct an academic research on the nature and causes of police subversion from this department.The study of the nature and causes of police depravity in Bangladesh is important for the following reasons for the introductory time the police are a citizens first interrelate with the condemnable justice. Find out the nature of police corruption is very much important to know about current police corruption. Secondly it is very important for taking stapes to remove police corruption of Bangladesh. triplet it is veryimportant for increasing public awareness about police activities and excessively for becoming responsible of police about their activities. Fourthly it result help the government to take the necessary measures for preventing police corruption in Bangladesh.Research questions of the studyI. What is the nature of contemporary police corruptio n?II. What are the causes of police corruption?III. What should we do to reduce Police corruption?Chapter-Two2.1. brushup of the literature of the StudyPitts, (1999)In a CSCE News Release from Uzbekistan, Pitts stated no(prenominal)democratic state can ever justify what tried reports tell us about continuing torture, extorted confessions, or the planting the assumed curtilage. Even in circumstances where a genuine threat exists to the well existence of the state, rule of law and due process norms must be followed in order to insure that valet de chambre rights are protected.Sutherland (1697)The term police refer primarily to agents of the state whose function is the maintenance of law and order and the enforcement of regular savage code. It is clear from the definition that the police force is right away related to the state government. The nature and characteristics of police expresses the nature of the government.Hagan, John (1986)Police has directed at preserving and repr oducing security measures and order by particular direction. Kobler (1980) has dramatized how sinister the police use of force can be. This research begins by noting that the police are the representatives of governmental authority who in the ordinary course of events licitly are permitted to use force against citizens.It whitethorn beevaluated divers(prenominal)ly by people with varying social interests, positions and values. Westly found in the course of his research that the police count on the public as their enemy, feeling that the demands of their cable set them in conflict with the community.Police standard of Bengal (PRB)Regulation 33(a) of the Police Regulation of Bengal says, no(prenominal)Police force can work successfully un slight it wins the esteem and good-will of the public and secures its cooperation. All ranks, therefore, while universe firm in the implementation of their duty, must show forbearance, civility and courtesy towards all classes.Paranjape, N.V .,(2005)But it is roofless(prenominal) that in our society police is looked with fear, suspicion and distrust by the people. This public apathy towards the police demoralizes them to such an extent that policeman lose sureness and are hesitant firm step to violations of law because of apprehension of public criticism. other potential cause which shatters public confidence on police is the increasing interference of politicians in the working of the police.The political atmospheric pressure and compromises by the police officials are bound to make them corrupt, dishonest and inefficient. The police as a governmental organization has to serve two masters- one political head and the other departmental head. Politicians often consider police as their tool to meet their selfish ends and therefore oblige police strength by rewarding them in various ways. The superior-subordinate relationship in police organization is guided by the principle, lick the higher up and kick the below. Su ch mentality is the characteristic of authoritarian superiors and their dominance over subordinates.Nurul Huda, spring IGP, (2005)The reality, unfortunately, on ground is different from the legal process in Bangladesh. in the beginning we venture to find out the causes of those behavioral aberrations that have a impregnable bearing on the crime and order situation, we may list the deviations that are existing in our countryMisbehavior with complainants in that respect is a realistic absence of service orientation and many policemen fail to realize that the complainant at the police point is often an aggrieved person much desire a patient who goes to the doctor, and any misbehavior with him would be construed as vigour short of demonic brutality.Other misbehavior Verbal abuse and insult while on patrolling duty, harassment of innocent relatives during arrest, roughing up inmates during house search, ravish of traffic violators, unnecessary pushing around during VIP protect ion and security arrangements cause a great deal of public discontent.Illegal detainment Several persons are rounded up supposedly as suspects and detained for overnight period in the lock up. There are instances of innocent persons go into the clutches of erratic policeman.Custodial violence Perpetration of third peak torture on suspects in police custody is taken as a matter of routine by many policemen Excessive tutelar violence has resulted into deaths.Crime and corruption make by police There have been bailiwicks in which policemen associating themselves in crimes kindred rape, robbery, and extortion are on the rise. Although corruption is a malaise that has afflicted our society as a whole, corruption in police has an extremely deleterious implication for their overall image for two important reasons one, being in uniform the corrupt policemen instantaneously catches public attention and two, since the complainant the police deal with is often a person with a grievance any corrupt demand compel on him.Ram Ahuja (1996)People who fall in the clutches of the police generally complain of brutal behavior of the police towards them either at the time of arrest during interrogation or while in the police lock-up.Some of the common practices of policemen reportedly are use of disgraceful verbiage or degrading epithets, compelling suspect / accused / offenders to obey all orders, askingembarrassing questions in the street, carrying out bodily searches on ridiculous pretexts and appropriating offenders silver and belongings (wrist-watch and so on), repeated prodding with thick stick, holding out threats of violence if not obeyed and the actual use of physical force. The use of verbal abuse, insulting behavior, and physical violence on the part of the policemen arouses deep aggression against police.Many accused complain that they were interrogated by the police without sufficient evidence of accusation. Those who refuse to confess are often excrucia te or be to torture. A good number of accused persons in the courts that confessions from them were obtained not by the use of physical brutality but psychological cruelty like holding out a threat to criminally assault the accused persons sister, or daughter, or wife, to arrest his old novice or mother, to level additional charges of crimes against him and so forth.Lawrence Sherman (1974)Police corruption elbow room accepting money or moneys worth for doing something that a policeman is under a duty to do or to make for legitimate discretion for improper reason.Sherman has talked of three forms of police corruption a) one form of corruption is that in which only a few single out policeman accept bribes. b) the second form of corruption is that in which a large number of officers ( reduce and higher ranks) take bribes but they are not joined together to form networks of corruptions. c) the third form of police corruption is pervasive organized corruption. In this type, corrupti on is organized in a hierarchical authoritarian fashion.Many citizens are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden violent attack by a stranger. (Wilson & Kelling, 1982).People expect that police will save them from being victim of crime. But in our country many crime victims neer call the police for various reasons such as a) dont believe that police can help them i.e., many believe that life history the police make no difference since police can uncomplete capture the offender nor recover stolen shoes b) cause too much inconvenience i.e. fear of harassment by the police c) they are corrupt and would not help the victim without paying bribe to them. (Kashem, 2001).Vadackumchery, crowd (1997)There exists a feeling among the general public that the police does anything and many things with crime-doers for proving the wrong against them. The police can do so because they get the protection of law to do certain things they want to be done. For instance, if a policeman mishandles a crime doer in his custody, he can do so in complete icolloidal suspensionation -away from the public visibility. The police have realized a tradition.They were involving in cosy arrests, illegal detention, torturing of suspects, concocting of evidence in criminal cases even before the Torture Commission was appointed in 1855. This long existed history created a tradition in which the people were learn to suffer and suffer eternally what the police did with crime-doers .Until recently and even today, people including the educated in society have been feeling that police can loosely arrest people and detain them in their custody.. The press is also more vigilant in this matter than it was earlier. Kashem, (2004)In a series of studies Kashem (2000, 2001, 2002) reports that the general public is dissatisfied with the quality of police work. On the average, in the midst of 80 and 85 per centum of the citizens of Bangladesh believe that police are not d oing good job and rate police work is extremely poor. Another study by Kashem (2002) also found that the level of politeness of police is very low.Sharma (1985)Sharma finds hostility or ruthless criticism of police ability and that police cases mostly fail because of the deprivation of public cooperation. The nature of policing in our country is reactive rather than proactive. So it is the citizens of the community, and not the police, who assume the initiating mapping in much modern police work. (Hagar, 1985). If people dont believe as well as cooperate police, then how a good policing will be evaluate?James A. Inciardi, (2005)Misconduct by police officers in the forms of illegal activities for economics gain and accepting gratuities, favors, or payment for servicesthat police are sworn to carry out as part of their peacekeeping situation. ree or discount meals are uncommitted to police officers in many American cities. Police officers have legion(predicate) opportunities to direct individuals to persons who can assist them for a profit.Police can also receive fees for referring arrested suspects to bail bond agents and defense attorney, (Kickbacks). Police officers accepting money from citizens in lieu of enforcing the law,(shakedowns). Involvement of police in predatory criminal activities, either directly or through complicity with criminals,(Planned stealth and robbery). Police have numerous opportunities to pilfer valuable items. Typically involves jewelry and other goods from the horizon of a burglary or from a suspect,(Opportunistic larceny).2.2. The Conceptual Framework of the studyPolice corruptionCauses of police corruptionNature of police corruption depressed netBribesPowerKickbacksPersonal gainGratuitiesPovertyShakedowns insufficiency of faith stealing of berthFalsifying evidencepolitical pressure horror of powerThe police are a citizens first link with the criminal justice. When a crime occurs, the police are usually the first agents of the state to become involved. But the police also abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. They commit various types of corruption, these are bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, refutal evidence and shakedowns etc.The police officer do these corruptions for some of the main reason such as low salary, political pressure, personal gain, voracity, lack of faith, poverty of availability of bad money etc.2.3. Theoretical theoretical account of the studyOne prominent sociological approach to understanding police behavior is based on the premises that police behavior is influenced by the social dynamics of police-citizen encounters. For example, Donald Blacks sociological theory of law holds that the quantity of law is influenced by the social attributes of concerned parties -victims and suspects, or plaintiff and defendants, as well as the agents of social control themselves. From this theoretical perspective, situational factors (Sherman 1980a) are the cues on which officers form judgments about how incidents should be handled.The key theoretical influences are symbolic internationalism and labeling perspective, which saw policing as an important process in shaping the patter of deviance through the exercise of discretion. (Reiner, Robert 2001). The deviant behavior of police comes to peoples sight when they interact with people. This interaction may occur through newspapers.Organizational write up (blue curtain theory)Organizational explanation have shown that corrupt behavior arise through the development of an casual structure within the police department, an infrastructure that provides an officer with the opportunity to not only break the rules but also a transgression that is back up and supported bya sub-cultural code of beliefs. It is a set of informal norms that can be followed by police officers when they encounter an occupational uncertainty.These informal norms may be characterized as code of clam up, unquestioned loyalty to other officers, and cynicism about the criminal justice system. The so-called blue curtain of silence the refusal of officers to testify against other officers is one of the major factors protecting and maintaining police corruption.Again, the most important organizational variable is leadership the quality of management and supervision. degeneration flourishes in departments that tolerate it. Individual officers are more plausibly to move over if they believe they wont be caught or, if caught, punishment will not be severe imposed by the organization.Individual officer explanation (rotten-apple theory)Individual explanations acknowledge that a small number of police officers were responsible for a disproportionate number of acts of police misconduct. This explanation points toward a sensitiveness on the part of the officer as pivotal, rather than the officer being lured into wrongdoing.Whether a police officer chooses to engage in corrupt behavior has more to do with his o r her personal benefit from an act than a submissive affinity for the deviant infrastructure. In other words, the corrupt officers consciously exercise discretion to engage in prohibited conduct. In most cases, officers who are engaged in corruption have a anterior record of misconduct. Only officers having a moral degradation pursue to be pervert.This theory is appealing because it emphasizes the moral failings of one or more individuals, provides satisfied scapegoats, and avoids dealing with more difficult issues. It also points in the direction of simple remedy.Psychological approach highlights variations among officers in their behavioral dispositions, variation that is observed by the sociological approach. This perspective directs attention to the outlooks and personality traits that presumably drive different responses to similar situations by different officers.From this theoretical perspective, officers who are themost likely to use force could be expected to (a) concei ve the police role in narrow terms, puted to crime-fighting and law enforcement, (b) believe that this role is more effectively carried out when officers can use force at their discretion, and (c) regard the citizenry as unappreciative at best and hostile and abusive at worse.Chapter-Three3.1. Research MethodologyMethodology is a system of uttered rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which claims for knowledge are evaluated. Methodology contains the overall process of a study. This study shows a property-disposition relationship among the variables. Here property federal agency the individual respondents and disposition is the perception of people towards police corruption. This research is mainly primary research. This research is also a quantitative research. Quantitative research is that research which is studied depending on the quantitative data.4.2. Field selectionDelduar thana of Tangail partition was selected as the field of the study. In this are a crime rate is high for the last few long time so this area had been selected to collect expected data from the respondents. Some of the major union of this thana had been selected as the field of this research so that these area can represent the thana well.3.3. Population and Sample pickThe entire set of relevant units of psychoanalysis, or data, is called the population. In this research the selected populations were very much involved with daily life activities and had idea about police activities. Because all of them was victims of police corruption somehow in their life. The sample was selected purposively from the population.Respondents who were impulsive to respond the questions noted in the questionnaire and who hadavailable time to give necessary information. info were collected from 33 (thirty-three) respondents. Although thirty three (33) respondents is not enough for this study but these respondents expresses the overall situation of the area about this research w ell. So the sample size was very small (33).3.4. Data accrual Methods and TechniquesSurvey method was used in this research for data collection. impertinence to construction question interview was applied for the collection of data. A questionnaire document was obtained with some questions. Then the respondents were asked those questions to help. The answers given by the respondents were noted in the questionnaire form.3.5. Data Processing and abbreviationThe collected data were coded carefully for analysis. This processing (included coding) was done with the help of Microsoft excel SPSS program through computer. Several levels of statistical analysis are performed in conducting analysis stage. absolute relative frequency tables (i.e. frequency distribution) are made for univariate analysis. mystify table are made for the bivariate analysis.3.6. Working rendering of the studyPolice Police refers to state organizations employing professionals who are trained and render as specialists in policing who has the authority to enforce and maintain law. subversive activity The illegal commission or omission of an act which violate law is called corruption. Corruption is infringement of expectations of norms and rules.Police corruption Herman Goldstein defines police corruption as acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or for others. Police corruption meansthe deviation of police from their expected legal duties.dupe A victim is a person who suffers from something. Here a victim is a person who is victimized by police for corruption.Chapter-Four4. Research FindingsSelected area for the present research is Delduar Thana of Tangail District. The sample size is very small. However, they have undergo many experiences during the interaction with police. Consequently, they also have a perception of their own about the police. Here the information given by respondents of the study are not ed below4.1. Factual Information of the Respondent sUnivariate AnalysisTable-4.1 Age of the respondentsAge limit(years) relative frequency shareage accumulative frequency 20-25 9 27.27 926-30 7 21.21 1631-35 4 12.12 2036-40 4 12.12 2441-45 6 18.18 3046-50 3 9.09 33 original 33 century This table-4.1, shows the age of the respondents ranges from 20 to 50 years. Most of the respondents age are less then 36. Maximum, that means 27.27 share (28.8%) respondents belong in 20-25 (years) age-group. Moreover, the age of the respondents are normally distributed. But the number of having the age more than 46 years is very few.Table-4.2 Years of breeding of the respondentsYears of shoal Frequency Percent05 6 18.1806 2 6.0607 1 3.0308 2 6.0610 7 21.2111 1 3.0312 3 9.0915 5 15.1516 4 12.1217 2 6.06 heart 33 one hundredTable-4.2 Shows that, the years of schooling of the respondent ranges from 05 to 17 (Primary to Masters). Here years of schooling 5 means Primary, 10 means S.S.C, 12 means H. S.C, 16 means bachelor Degree and 17 means Masters. The supreme, in presentence is 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents years of schooling are 10 (S.S.C), 9.090 percent (9.09%) respondents years of school are 12 (H.S.C). Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) respondents years of schooling are 17 (Masters).Table-4.3 Income of the respondentsIncome limit Frequency additive frequency Percent 2000-4500 12 12 36.364501-6000 4 16 12.126001-8500 7 23 21.218501-12000 6 29 18.1812001-14500 2 31 6.0614501-18000 2 33 6.06Total 33 100From this table we see that income of the respondents ranges from Tk. 2000 to 16000. About 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents income amidst Tk. 2000 to 4500, And then about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents income between Tk.4501 to 6000, 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents income between Tk. 6001 to 8500, 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondent income between Tk. 8501 to 12000, 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents incomeTk. 12001 to 18000. So, maximum res pondents income limits 2000 to 4500 Tk.Table-4.4 Occupation of the respondentsOccupation Frequency Percent (%) Cumulative frequency Public service 2 6.06% 2Private service 5 15.15% 7Business 13 39.39% 20Labor 11 33.33% 31Student 2 6.06% 33Total 33 100% From the above table-4.4 we see that 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents have public service, 15.15 percent (15.15%) of the respondents are involve in private service, 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondent are businessman, 33.33 percent (33.33%) of the respondents are labor and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are student. The highest amount is occupied by the respondents, who are involved with business.Figure-4.1. fellowship of the respondents about state lawThe figure-4.1 shows that maximum, that mean 51.51 percent (51.51%) of the respondents have less knowledge about state law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have no knowledge about state law and about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have much kno wledge about state law.Table-4.5 Knowledge of the respondents about human rightKnowledge level Frequency Cumulative frequency Percent Much 6 6 18.18Less 13 19 39.39not at all 14 33 42.42Total 33 100Figure-4.2. knowledge of the respondents about human rightThe above table-4.5 and figure-4.2 show that, 42.42 percent (42.42%) of the respondents have no knowledge about human right. 39.39 percent (39.39%) ofthe respondents have less knowledge about human right. 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have much knowledge human right.Figure-4.3. Knowledge of the respondent about police lawThe figure-4.3 shows that maximum that mean 60.60 percent (60.60%) of the respondents have no knowledge about police law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have less knowledge about the police law and only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have high knowledge about police law.Table-4.6 Attitude of the respondent towards police.Attitude Frequency Percent Cumulative frequencyGood 4 12.12 4 inquisitive 23 69.69 27 noidea 6 18.18 33Total 33 100 Figure-4.4. Attitude of the respondent towards police.The table-4.6 and figure-4.4, show that the attitudes of the maximum, that mean 69.69 percent (69.69%) of the respondents towards police are bad. Only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents attitudes towards police are good and 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have no idea.Table-4.7 Believe of the respondents about police are corrupted. Police are corrupted Frequency Cumulative frequency Percent Yes 31 31 93.93No 2 33 6.06Total 33 100Figure-4.5. Believe of the respondents about police are corruptedThe table-4.7 and figure-4.5 show that 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents believe that police are corrupted. That means maximum respondents believe that police are corrupted. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents not believe that police are corrupted.Table-4.8 Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police invest.confront corruption Frequency P ercent Cumulative frequency Yes 31 93.939 33No 2 6.060 33Total 33 100.00 Figure-4.6. Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police beamThe above table-4.8 and figure-4.6 show that maximum respondents face corruption of police at police point in piece 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents approach corruption of police at police transmit. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are not faced corruption of police at police displace.Table-4.9 Nature of corruption faced international of the police station Nature of corruption Frequency Cumulative frequency Percent Gratuities 3 3 9.090Bribes 22 25 66.666Theft of property 1 26 3.030Falsifying evidence 4 30 12.121Kickbacks 2 32 6.060Shakedowns 1 33 3.030Total 33 100.00Figure-4.7. Nature of police corruption outside(a) of the police stationThe table-4.9 and figure-4.7 show that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption in helping 66.66 percent (66.66%) of the respondents faced bribes as a police c orruption. About 9.09 percent (9.09%) of the respondents faced gratuities as a police corruption.And about 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents faced, theft of property and shakedowns as police corruption. 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents faced Falsifying evidence as a police corruption and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents faced kickbacks as police corruption.Figure-4.8. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of the policestation The figure-4.8 shows that, in maximum time low salary is the main causes of police corruption. In percentage 39.39 percent (39.39%) respondents said that low salary is the main cause of police corruption. 6.060 percent (6.06%) said lack of morality is a cause of police corruption.9.09 percent (9.09%) of respondents said power of the police is a cause of police corruption. 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents said greediness is a cause of police corruption. 18.18 percent (18.18%) said personal gain is a cause of police corrup tion. And about 24.2 percent (24.24%) said political pressure is the another main cause of police corruption.Table-4.10 Nature of corruption faced at police station.Nature of police corruption Frequency Percent (%)Gratuities 02 06.06%Bribes 18 54.55%Theft of property 03 09.09%Falsifying evidence 04 12.12%Kickbacks 03 09.09%Shakedowns 03 09.09%Total 33 100%The table-4.10 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption in percentage 54.55% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption. About 09.09% respondents faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedown as police corruption at police station separately 12.12% respondents faced falsifying evidence as a police corruption. And about 06.06% respondents faced gratuities, as police corruption at police station and it is minimum percentage of police corruption faced by respondents at police station.Table-4.11 Causes of producing corruption by police at police station.Causes of police corruption Frequency Percent (%) Low salary 21 63.64%Lack of morality 02 06.06%power 03 09.09%greediness 01 03.03%Personal gain 04 12.12%Political troupe pressure 02 06.06%Total 33 100.00%The table-4.11 shows that, in maximum multiplication police are corrupted for their lower salary. About 63.64 percent (63.64%) police corruptions are occurred at police station for low salary of the police personnel in our country. On the other hand minimum police corruption is occurred at the police station for the greediness of the police in percentage is 03.03%. For lack of morality and political party pressure is 06.06%. for personal gain is 12.12% and for polices power is 09.09% police corruptions are occurred at police station.Table-4.12 Facing police corruption later arrest face corruption Frequency Percent (%)Yes 23 92.00%No 02 08.00%Total 25 100.00%This table-4.12 shows that maximum respondents faced corruption of police after being arrested by police in percentage 92% respondents faced corruption of police after arrest . Only 8% respondents are not faced corruption of police after arrest.Table-4.13 Nature of corruption faced after arrest by the respondentsNature Frequency Percent (%)Gratuities 01 04.35%Bribes 13 56.52%Theft of property 02 08.70%Falsifying evidence 03 13.04%Kickbacks 02 08.70%Shakedowns 02 08.70%Total 23 100.00%This table-4.13 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after arrest in percentage 56.52% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after being arrested. About 13.04% respondents faced falsifying evidence, 04.35% respondents faced gratuities and 08.70% faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedowns, as a police corruption arrest. So minimum respondents faced gratuities as police corruption and in percentage is 04.35%.Table-4.14 Causes of police corruption after arrestCauses Frequency Percent (%)Low salary 14 60.86%Lack of morality 01 04.35%Power 02 08.70%Greediness 01 04.35%Personal gain 03 13.04%Political party pressure 02 08.70%Total 2 3 100.00%The table-4.14 shows that, maximum police corruptions at police station are produced by the police personnel for their lower salary and in percentage 60.86%. On the other hand the lowest police corruption is produced for lack of morality and greediness of the police. 13.04 percent (13.04%) police corruption is occurred for personal gain and power, political party pressure is responsible for 08.70% police corruption after arrest.Bivariate Analysis cosset TableCross table-1 Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Outside of the police station Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Total Low salary Lack of morality power greediness Personal gain Political party pressure Natureof corruption faced outside of the police station Gratuities 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 01, 3.03% 03, 9.09% Bribes 08, 24.24% 01, 3.03% 02, 6.06% 00, 0% 05,15.15% 06, 18.18% 22, 66.66% Theft of property 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% Falsifying evidence 02, 6.06% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 04, 12.12% Kickbacks 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 02, 6.06% Shakedowns 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 0, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% Total 13, 39.39% 02, 6.06% 03, 9.09% 01, 3.03% 06,18.18% 08, 24.24% 33, 100%This cross table-1 shows that maximum respondents were faced bribes as a police corruption outside of the police station, in these cases the low salary was main reason for the police corruption. In percentage it is 24.24% Cross table-2 Nature of corruption faced at the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Outside of the police station Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Total Low salary Lack of morality power greedinessPersonal gain Political party pressure Nature of corruption faced at the police station Bribes 14, 42.42% 00, 0% 02, 06.06% 00, 0% 02, 06.06% 00, 0% 18, 54.55% Gratuities 01, 03.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 03.03% 00,0% 00, 0% 2, 06.06% Theft of property 02, 06.06% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 03, 09.09% Falsifying evidence 02, 6.06% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 3.03% 04, 12.12% Kickbacks 01, 3.03% 01, 03.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 01, 03.03% 03, 09.09% Shakedowns 01, 3.03% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 02, 06.06% 00, 0% 03, 09.09% Total 21, 39.39% 02, 6.06% 03, 09.09% 01, 03.03% 04,18.18% 02, 24.24% 33, 100%This cross table-2 shows that maximum respondents were corrupted by the police at the police station for taking bribes from them and the low salary is the main reason for being corrupted of the respondents by the police atpolice station and in percentage it is 42.42%. So at police station the main nature of police corruption is bribe and it is more than outside of the station.Cross table-3 Facing corruption of police after arrest vs. causes of producing corruption by police after arrest.After arrest C auses of police corruption after arrest Total Low salary Lack of morality power greediness Personal gain Political party pressure Facing corruption of police after arrest Yes 14, 60.86% 01, 04.35% 02, 08.70% 01, 04.35% 03, 13.04% 02, 08.70% 23, 100% No 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% 00, 0% Total 14, 60.86% 01, 04.35% 02, 08.70% 01, 04.35% 03, 13.04% 02, 08.70% 23, 100%This cross table shows that maximum respondents were faced police corruption after arrest for the low salary of the police. About 60.86 percent (60.86%) respondents were being corrupted by the police after arrest for sol salary.Chapter-Five5. Case studies5.1. Case study 01Khokon was a student of Pathrail M.L. High School, Delduar, Tangail. He did court trades union a Hindu daughters. He was a chela of a middle class family and the girl was a child of a high class Hindu family. The girl was willing for the court marriage but the girls family wasnt agreed of the marriage. They make a false case of women k idnapping in Delduar Thana and Khokon were responsible for kidnapping their girl. He was made the main criminal for the kidnappimg.One day the police caught Khokon from his house with the girl. They return the girl to her parents after taking a large sum of bribe from the girls family and brought Khokon to Thana. They tortured him very much and after some days the case was pink-slipped without prosecution in the court.They also demanded and took bribes from Khokons family. I took this cases because, I venture this cases is a better example of police corruption. The causes of police corruption consort to this case is low or small salary,greediness, power of police etc.5.2. Case study 02Mohammad Roton, nick nake Roton 32 years old, is a businessman. He was also a political person. One day he was dismission to main town for his occupational necessity with the help of his motor- wheel. On way, he was stopped by police and asked for his driving license as well as the license of his m otor-bike. But at that moment the license of his bike was not with him, though he has no driving license at all. For this he was quite unable to show his licenses.The police demanded money as bribe to Mohammad Roton, instead of booking a case against him. The police officer showed fear to him that if he didnt pay the money demanded, he would be harassed. For this he was bound to give money instead of going through a legal process. He also has enough bad moneyFrom this case, we see that denying law and having bad money increase the opportunity of police corruption.Chapter-Six6. Summary and reason out Remarks6.1 SummaryThe police are a citizens first link with the criminal justice. But the police abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. This research finds out the nature of police corruption and the causes of police corruption. General peoples perception towards police is not good.Most of the people believe that police are corrupted. Police pose some common types of corruption, these are bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence, shakedowns and physical torture. The police officer do corruption because of low salary, political pressure, for personal gain, lack of morality, greediness, availability of bad money and their types of job or power of police. 6.2. Concluding RemarksThough purposive sampling has been used in this research from some of the homogenous cases. So, I think this research find out the nature and causes of Bangladesh police. Most of the general people of our country think thatthe police of Bangladesh are corrupted. Bangladesh police is the high corrupted department of Bangladesh government. Bangladesh police are providing low salary and they are not morally strong. Bangladesh police has also political arty pressures, poverty of police personnel mainly who are lower in rank.These inspire them to do corruption. The job nature and power is also a reason for police corruption we see in the study. Police officer mo stly takes bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, do physical torture for bribes. This research shows that most police personnel corrupted for taking bribes, physical tortures, falsifying evidences, theft for the suspect, proving information etc. people keep bad idea on police, they think that police are not good person. So to prevent police corruption these reasons have to be removed.The salary of the police personnel have to be increased enough, they have to provide moral schooling so they do their duties honestly. Public perception on police have to exchanged from bad to good by the police person doing well behave with them.1.5. Limitations of the studyThis research has many problems and limitations, such asI. The system and some other test such as chai-test, correlation are not shown here. II. In this research purposive sampling has been used so the other populations opinion was avoided and the sample size was small. III. sufficient data cant be found because of want of some other te chnical method. IV. More questions should be used to collect more effective data about this research topic but the questions were less than needed.6.3. BibliographyAhuja, Ram, (1996) Sociological Criminology. New Age International (P) Limited, India. Bohm, Robert M. and Haley, Keith N. (2002) Introduction to Criminal Justice, third edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill.Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava and Nachmias, David (1997) Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Fifth edition, St. Martins Press, lnc., New York. Haque, ANM Nurul. The emphasis of the Police, In The Daily Star.3rd July, 2006 Hughes, Michael and Kroehler, Carolyn J.(2000) Sociology,6th edition,McGraw-Hill companies, Inc., New York. Huda, Mohammad Nurul. Controlling Crime and All That. In The Daily Star- 29th July,2006.Kashem, Mohammad B.(2002) Preventing Crime Police and Crime Control in Bangladesh. Khasrul Alam Quddusi, Kazi SM, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Chittagong. Use of Hartal an d Police, In The Daily Star,9th JuIy,2006. Malek, Adam. Police Remand. In The Daily Jugantar, 4th January, 2006. Paranjape, N.V., (2005) Criminology and Penology.Central Law Publication, Allahabad-2, India. Pearson, Judy Nelson, Paul Tetsworth, Scott and Harter, Lynn, (2004) gracious Communication. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Police Activities A Study on Three Police Stations, (2004) Transparency International Bangladesh. Putwain, David and Sammons, Aidan (2002) Psychology and Crime. Taylor and Francis Group. Quinney, Richard(1979)Criminology. Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Limited.Reiner, Robert (2001) Introduction what Is Police Research? In Doing Research in Crime and Criminal Justice. Sanders, William B., (1983) In Criminology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Schaefer, Richard T., (2004) Sociology A Brief Introduction, Fifth edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York. Stotland, Ezra and Berberich, John. (1979) The Psychology of the Police.In Psychology of Crime and Cr iminal Justice. Universal Declaration of homosexual Rights. In United Nations Civilian Hand book. (1995) United Nations Department of Peace-keeping operation. Vadackumchery, James (1997) Indian Police and Miscarriage of Justice. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi. Wilson, James Q. & Kelling, George L. (1982) disordered Windows. In Atlantic Monthly. In Urban Society, 11th edition. McGraw-Hill company. Worden, Robert E. (2001) The causes of Police heinousness Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force.Mawalana Bhashani Science and applied science UniversityDepartment of Criminology and Police Science.Survey Questionnaire(All the below information only will be used for research purpose. A respondent can answer the following question without any fear or hesitation)1. Age(Specific)2. sexual activity(1) Male (2) Female3. Marital status(1) Married, (2) Unmarried, (3) Widow.4. Years of Schooling(Specific)5. What is your occupation?(1) Public service, (2) Private Service, (3) Busi ness, (4) Labor.6. What is your income?(Specific)7. How much knowledge you have about the State Law?(1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all.8. How much knowledge you have about the Police Law?(1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all.9. How much knowledge you have about the Human Right?(1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all.10. What is your attitude towards police?(1) Good, (2) Bad, (3) No idea.11. Are you believed Police are corrupted?(1) Yes, (2) No.12. If yes, why?Ans.13. Have you ever been to police station in order to any service? (1) Yes, (2) No.14. If yes, why?Ans.15. If yes, did you face any problem at police station?(1) Yes, (2) No.16. If yes, what types of problem did you face?(1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) 17. Have you meet with police for any cause?(1) Yes, (2) No.18. If yes why?Ans.19. If yes, did you face any problem?(1) Yes, (2) No.20. If yes, what types of pr oblem did you face?(1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) 21. Why did police produce that problem according to your view?22. Had you ever been arrested by police?(1) Yes, (2) No.23. If yes, why?Ans.24. If yes, did you face any problem after arrest?(1) Yes, (2) No.25. If yes, what types of problem did you face?(1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7)